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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.

Integration of Synaptic Events

Integration of Synaptic Events

Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

Published on: August 11, 2019

Long-term synaptic plasticity in hippocampal interneurons.

Dimitri M Kullmann¹, Karri P Lamsa

¹Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom. d.kullmann@ion.ucl.ac.uk

Nature Reviews. Neuroscience

|August 21, 2007

Summary

Hippocampal inhibitory interneurons exhibit two distinct forms of long-term potentiation (LTP), crucial for memory formation. These contrasting LTP forms, mediated by different receptor mechanisms, enhance neural computation in the hippocampus.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

Published on: August 11, 2019

Recording Synaptic Plasticity in Acute Hippocampal Slices Maintained in a Small-volume Recycling-, Perfusion-, and Submersion-type Chamber System

Recording Synaptic Plasticity in Acute Hippocampal Slices Maintained in a Small-volume Recycling-, Perfusion-, and Submersion-type Chamber System

Published on: January 1, 2018

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents

Published on: September 4, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Synaptic Plasticity
Computational Neuroscience

Background:

Long-term potentiation (LTP) in excitatory synapses is vital for rapid memory formation.
Hippocampal inhibitory interneurons play a critical role in neural information processing.
These interneurons have been recently discovered to exhibit unique forms of synaptic plasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the two contrasting forms of LTP observed in hippocampal inhibitory interneurons.
To describe the underlying mechanisms of these distinct LTP forms.
To discuss the implications of this synaptic plasticity for cortical microcircuit computation.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on LTP in hippocampal inhibitory interneurons.
Analysis of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent and independent LTP mechanisms.
Examination of calcium (Ca2+) influx pathways through glutamate receptors.

Main Results:

Two distinct forms of LTP exist in hippocampal inhibitory interneurons.
One LTP form is N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent, requiring coincident activity.
The second LTP form is independent of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, triggered by Ca2+ influx at rest.

Conclusions:

The two forms of LTP in interneurons are mirrored by two forms of long-term depression.
The plasticity of glutamatergic synapses on interneurons significantly boosts computational capacity.
Understanding these mechanisms provides insights into hippocampal function and memory processes.