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Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...
Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States03:25

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone.
When dissolved in liquid ammonia, an alkali metal, such as sodium, dissociates into a...
Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics01:34

Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics

The thermodynamic favorability of a reaction is determined by the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG). ΔG has two components- enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS). The entropy component is negligible for alkane halogenation because the number of reactants and product molecules are equal. In this case, the ΔG is governed only by the enthalpy component. The most crucial factor that determines ΔH is the strength of the bonds. ΔH can be determined by comparing the energy between bonds broken and bonds...
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...
Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
06:32

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions

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Dehydrogenation reaction for Na-O-H system: a first-principles study.

Xin-Bo Zhang1, Si-Qi Shi, Xue-Zhi Ke

  • 1National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka, Japan.

Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
|August 21, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study investigates sodium hydride (NaH), sodium oxide (Na2O), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) properties. First-principles calculations predict a dehydrogenation reaction occurring at 528 K, matching experimental data.

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Published on: March 29, 2016

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
14:11

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Published on: March 29, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Solid State Physics

Background:

  • Understanding the properties of sodium compounds like NaH, Na2O, and NaOH is crucial for various chemical applications.
  • Predicting reaction pathways and temperatures is essential for process optimization and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate the crystal structures, electronic, dielectric, and vibrational properties of NaH, Na2O, and NaOH.
  • To predict the thermodynamic conditions for the dehydrogenation reaction: NaH + NaOH → H2 + Na2O.

Main Methods:

  • First-principles calculations based on density functional theory.
  • Quasiharmonic approximation to study vibrational and thermodynamic properties.
  • Direct force-constant method for phonon dispersion and density of states calculation.

Main Results:

  • Detailed analysis of electronic, dielectric, and vibrational properties for NaH, Na2O, and NaOH phases.
  • Calculation of phonon dispersion relations, phonon density of states, heat capacity, vibrational enthalpy, and entropy.
  • Prediction of the dehydrogenation reaction NaH + NaOH → H2 + Na2O occurring at 528 K.

Conclusions:

  • The calculated thermodynamic properties accurately predict the reaction temperature for the dehydrogenation of NaH and NaOH.
  • The findings align with experimentally observed values, validating the computational approach.