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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Injury I: Introduction01:00

Cellular Injury I: Introduction

Cellular injury occurs when a cell cannot maintain homeostasis or adapt to stressors such as hypoxia, toxins, or trauma. Depending on severity and duration, injury may be reversible, allowing recovery, or irreversible, leading to cell death.General Mechanisms of Cell InjuryAlthough causes vary, most cellular injuries arise from a few key mechanisms that disrupt essential functions and often amplify one another. Cell survival depends on the extent and balance of these disturbances.ATP depletion...
Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures
05:45

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures

Published on: November 2, 2015

Cellular mechanisms associated with intermittent hypoxia.

Jayasri Nanduri1, R Prabhakar Nanduri

  • 1Center for Systems Biology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. nanduri@uchicago.edu

Essays in Biochemistry
|August 21, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Intermittent hypoxia (IH) triggers stronger cellular responses than continuous hypoxia, activating key factors like HIF-1. These cellular changes, including ROS generation, contribute to morbidity, unlike adaptations seen with continuous oxygen deprivation.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures
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Published on: November 2, 2015

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay Using Endogenous Nuclear Proteins from Cells Cultured Under Hypoxic Conditions
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Published on: August 2, 2018

Induction of Hypoxia in Living Frog and Zebrafish Embryos
08:01

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Published on: June 26, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Hypoxia, or decreased oxygen availability, can be continuous or intermittent.
  • Continuous hypoxia leads to physiological adaptations (e.g., high altitude).
  • Intermittent hypoxia (IH), common in sleep apnea, causes significant morbidity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on cellular responses to intermittent hypoxia (IH).
  • To compare cellular responses to IH versus continuous hypoxia.
  • To elucidate mechanisms underlying IH-induced morbidity.

Main Methods:

  • Cell culture models to study transcriptional activation under IH.
  • Physiological studies in mice to assess autonomic abnormalities.
  • Analysis of protein expression, post-translational modifications, and kinase activation.

Main Results:

  • IH is more potent than continuous hypoxia in evoking transcriptional activation.
  • IH activates HIF-1, c-fos, AP-1, NF-kB, and CREB.
  • IH influences proteins related to neuronal survival/apoptosis and increases ROS generation.

Conclusions:

  • IH elicits distinct cellular responses compared to continuous hypoxia.
  • HIF-1 plays a critical role in IH-induced autonomic dysfunction.
  • ROS-mediated signaling is a key component of cellular and systemic responses to IH.