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Related Concept Videos

TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells
06:54

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells

Published on: October 27, 2020

TGF-beta signalling through the Smad pathway.

J Massaous, A Hata

    Trends in Cell Biology
    |May 1, 1997
    PubMed
    Summary

    Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, crucial for cell fate, is mediated by Smad proteins. These proteins link TGF-β receptors to target genes, impacting development and cell cycle, with implications for cancer.

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Cell Signaling
    • Developmental Biology

    Background:

    • Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and related cytokines regulate critical cellular processes.
    • These cytokines signal through a cascade involving receptor serine kinases.
    • The Smad protein family acts as key mediators in this signaling pathway.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the signaling pathway from TGF-β receptors to target genes.
    • To highlight the role of Smad proteins in TGF-β mediated cellular responses.
    • To connect Smad function to developmental events and cancer biology.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on TGF-β signaling and Smad proteins.
    • Analysis of Smad protein complex formation, nuclear translocation, and DNA binding.

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    Visualization and Quantification of TGFβ/BMP/SMAD Signaling under Different Fluid Shear Stress Conditions using Proximity-Ligation-Assay
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    Published on: September 14, 2021

    Live Cell Imaging of the TGF- β/Smad3 Signaling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo Using an Adenovirus Reporter System
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    Live Cell Imaging of the TGF- β/Smad3 Signaling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo Using an Adenovirus Reporter System

    Published on: July 30, 2018

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

    Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells
    06:54

    Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells

    Published on: October 27, 2020

    Visualization and Quantification of TGFβ/BMP/SMAD Signaling under Different Fluid Shear Stress Conditions using Proximity-Ligation-Assay
    11:38

    Visualization and Quantification of TGFβ/BMP/SMAD Signaling under Different Fluid Shear Stress Conditions using Proximity-Ligation-Assay

    Published on: September 14, 2021

    Live Cell Imaging of the TGF- β/Smad3 Signaling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo Using an Adenovirus Reporter System
    11:06

    Live Cell Imaging of the TGF- β/Smad3 Signaling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo Using an Adenovirus Reporter System

    Published on: July 30, 2018

  • Examination of Smad-mediated gene transcription activation.

    • Main Results:

    • Smad proteins form complexes after receptor phosphorylation and translocate to the nucleus.
    • Activated Smads associate with DNA-binding proteins to regulate gene transcription.
    • Smad-mediated responses include morphogenic events and cell-cycle arrest.

    Conclusions:

    • The discovery of Smad proteins provides a clear pathway from TGF-β receptors to target genes.
    • Smads are essential for crucial developmental processes and maintaining cell-cycle control.
    • Mutations in Smads involved in growth inhibition suggest their role as tumor suppressors.