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ADHD and dysgraphia: underlying mechanisms.

Esther Adi-Japha¹, Yael E Landau, Lior Frenkel

¹School of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel. japhae@mail.biu.ac.il

Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior

|August 23, 2007

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Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) exhibit writing difficulties, primarily due to non-linguistic issues affecting motor planning and execution, rather than language processing deficits.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Psychology
Educational Psychology

Background:

Writing difficulties, including dysgraphia, are frequently observed in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of dysgraphia in ADHD is crucial for effective intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize the writing disorder (dysgraphia) in 6th-grade boys with ADHD and normal reading skills.
To investigate the neuropsychological processes contributing to writing deficits in ADHD, focusing on linguistic, motor programming, and kinematic domains.

Main Methods:

A comparative study involving 20 sixth-grade boys with ADHD and normal reading skills, matched with 20 healthy controls.
Assessment of dysgraphia through neuropsychological evaluation of linguistic processing, motor programming, and motor kinematics.

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Main Results:

Children with ADHD demonstrated significantly more spelling errors, characterized by graphemic buffer errors (insertions, substitutions, transpositions, omissions).
Writing deficits in ADHD were associated with fast, inaccurate, and inefficient motor execution, including increased axial pen pressure.
These findings suggest that non-linguistic deficits, particularly in attention-related motor planning, are primary contributors to writing difficulties in ADHD.

Conclusions:

The writing deficits in children with ADHD and normal reading skills are predominantly rooted in non-linguistic factors, with linguistic factors playing a lesser role.
Interventions should address motor planning and execution challenges, alongside potential benefits from word processing tools and psychostimulant medication.