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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
Drugs in...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Mice

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Mice

Published on: September 23, 2018

Update for nurse anesthetists--part 3--cyclodextrin introduction to anesthesia practice: form, function, and

Mark Welliver¹

¹University of Florida & Shands Health Science Center Jacksonville, USA.

|August 23, 2007

Summary

Cyclodextrins, versatile molecules with unique solubility properties, are being explored for anesthesia. Understanding their function is key to improving anesthetic delivery and patient safety.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Mice

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Mice

Published on: September 23, 2018

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Pharmaceutical Sciences
Anesthesiology

Background:

Cyclodextrins are naturally occurring cyclic oligosaccharides with distinct lipophilic inner cavities and hydrophilic exteriors.
These properties allow them to encapsulate lipophilic compounds, enhancing aqueous solubility.
Widely utilized in various industries, cyclodextrins offer unique molecular characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the emerging application of cyclodextrins in the field of anesthesia.
To highlight the potential of cyclodextrins in improving anesthetic drug delivery.
To emphasize the need for understanding cyclodextrin properties for anesthetic applications.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on cyclodextrin properties and applications.
Exploration of studies investigating cyclodextrin-enhanced anesthetic delivery systems.
Analysis of the molecular interactions relevant to anesthetic formulations.

Main Results:

Cyclodextrins demonstrate potential for improving the solubility and delivery of anesthetic agents.
Their unique structure facilitates the formation of inclusion complexes with lipophilic drugs.
Ongoing research indicates promising advancements in cyclodextrin-based anesthetic formulations.

Conclusions:

Cyclodextrins represent a novel class of molecules with significant potential in anesthesiology.
A comprehensive understanding of their form, function, and application is crucial for anesthesia providers.
Optimal utilization of cyclodextrins can enhance the safety and efficacy of anesthetic procedures.