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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...
American Trypanosomiasis01:22

American Trypanosomiasis

Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is a vector-borne parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellated protozoan (kinetoplastid) of the family Trypanosomatidae. The disease is endemic in Latin America, although cases are increasingly reported worldwide due to human migration. Transmission most commonly occurs when feces of infected triatomine bugs contaminate bite wounds or mucosal surfaces; additional routes include congenital, transfusional, transplant-related, and oral...
Antiprotozoal Agents01:21

Antiprotozoal Agents

Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease caused by several Leishmania species. It affects millions of people each year and remains a major public health problem in endemic regions. First-line treatment relies on pentavalent antimonials, including meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate. Even so, how these drugs work has not been fully clear, especially their interaction with parasite-specific biochemical pathways. One key target is trypanothione reductase (TR), an enzyme that...

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Related Experiment Video

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Examination of the Telomere G-overhang Structure in Trypanosoma brucei
15:25

Examination of the Telomere G-overhang Structure in Trypanosoma brucei

Published on: January 26, 2011

Histone modifications in Trypanosoma brucei.

Veena Mandava1, Joseph P Fernandez, Haiteng Deng

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.

Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology
|August 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Researchers mapped histone modifications in Trypanosoma brucei, revealing unique patterns. The histone H4 N-terminus is heavily modified, unlike other organisms, offering insights into parasite biology.

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

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Published on: January 26, 2011

High-throughput Gene Tagging in Trypanosoma brucei
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Parasitology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Chromatin structure influences key biological processes in Trypanosoma brucei, including gene expression and differentiation.
  • Histone posttranslational modifications regulate chromatin structure in many organisms, but are poorly understood in T. brucei due to divergent histone tails.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and map posttranslational modifications on core histones in Trypanosoma brucei.
  • To characterize the unique histone modification landscape of T. brucei.

Main Methods:

  • Extensive survey of histone modifications using Edman degradation and mass spectrometry.
  • Analysis focused on N-terminal modifications of core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.

Main Results:

  • Identified monomethylation of the N-terminal alanine in histones H2A, H2B, and H4.
  • Revealed extensive modifications at the histone H4 N-terminus.
  • Observed limited N-terminal modifications on histones H2A and H2B compared to other organisms.
  • Detected several N-terminal modifications on histone H3, but specific sites were challenging to assign.

Conclusions:

  • The histone H4 N-terminus is a major site of modification in T. brucei.
  • Histone modification patterns in T. brucei diverge significantly from those in yeast and mammals.
  • These findings provide a foundation for understanding the role of epigenetics in T. brucei biology and differentiation.