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Related Concept Videos

Motivational Bias01:25

Motivational Bias

Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
Motivational Cycle01:20

Motivational Cycle

The motivational cycle is a key concept that explains how individuals are motivated to meet their needs. At its core, the cycle revolves around four distinct stages: need, drive, goal-directed behavior, and goal achievement. These stages respond to imbalances in the body or mind, prompting actions that restore balance.
The cycle begins with a need. This need can arise from various conditions, such as hunger, thirst, or temperature changes. For instance, when an individual feels cold, their body...
Persuasion Strategies01:52

Persuasion Strategies

Researchers have tested many persuasion strategies, including the foot-in-the door and the door-in-the-face techniques, in a variety of contexts. Ultimately, the principles are effective in selling products and changing people’s attitude, ideas, and behaviors (Cialdini & Goldstein, 2004).
Incentive Theory: Pull Theory of Motivation01:18

Incentive Theory: Pull Theory of Motivation

Incentive theory, or the "pull theory" of motivation, suggests that external rewards primarily drive behavior. Individuals are motivated to engage in activities when they anticipate a desirable outcome. This is why people often work hard for promotions or study intensively to achieve high grades. These incentives can be tangible, physical rewards such as money or promotions, or intangible, non-physical rewards like praise and social recognition.
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Humanistic Therapy01:24

Humanistic Therapy

Humanistic therapies emphasize personal growth, self-understanding, and the fulfillment of human potential. Rooted in the belief that individuals inherently strive toward self-actualization, these approaches encourage clients to explore their feelings and experiences in a supportive, nonjudgmental environment. Humanistic therapies differ from psychodynamic approaches by focusing on conscious experiences, present circumstances, and the potential for self-improvement rather than past conflicts...
Drive-Reduction Theory: Push Theory of Motivation01:27

Drive-Reduction Theory: Push Theory of Motivation

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Virtual Agent for Real-Time Motivational Interviewing by Integrating Adaptive Nonverbal Behavior and Language Models
07:14

Virtual Agent for Real-Time Motivational Interviewing by Integrating Adaptive Nonverbal Behavior and Language Models

Published on: December 23, 2025

Motivational interviewing.

Jennifer Hettema1, Julie Steele, William R Miller

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1161, USA. jhettema@unm.edu

Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
|August 25, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Motivational interviewing (MI) is a client-centered therapy that helps people resolve ambivalence to change. A meta-analysis shows MI has a significant short-term effect, with larger impacts on ethnic minorities.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Motivational interviewing (MI) is a therapeutic style derived from person-centered counseling.
  • MI aims to enhance clients' intrinsic motivation for behavioral change by exploring ambivalence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the evidence base for MI through a meta-analysis of clinical trials.
  • To examine factors influencing MI effectiveness, including populations and implementation methods.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a meta-analysis of 72 clinical trials evaluating MI.
  • Analyzed effect sizes across different target problems, populations, and settings.

Main Results:

  • MI demonstrated an average short-term between-group effect size of 0.77, decreasing to 0.30 at one-year follow-up.

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  • Effect sizes were larger for ethnic minority populations and when MI was not manual-guided.
  • Significant variability in MI effectiveness was observed across different contexts.

    • Conclusions:

    • MI is an effective intervention for enhancing change readiness, particularly in the short term.
    • Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms and contextual factors driving MI's variable effectiveness.
    • Developing a robust theory of MI and understanding clinician proficiency are crucial for optimizing its application.