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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
Metabolic Rate01:25

Metabolic Rate

The human body is a powerhouse of energy, with every cell performing numerous functions that require energy. This energy production and consumption is measured by the metabolic rate, which quantifies the total heat generated by all the body's chemical reactions and mechanical work. This measurement helps to determine the rate of kilocalorie (kcal) consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities.
The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) measures the energy expended at rest.
Several factors influence the...
Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype01:26

Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype

β-adrenoceptors have varied sensitivities towards adrenaline, noradrenaline, and isoprenaline. The order of agonist potency is as follows:
Isoprenaline > Adrenaline > Noradrenaline
Neurotransmitter binding to these receptors causes activation of adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased concentrations of cAMP and modulation of calcium ion channels within the cell. They are further classified into β1, β2, and β3 subtypes.
β1-adrenoceptors: β1-adrenoceptors have equal affinities for...
Sympathetic Activation01:16

Sympathetic Activation

The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...

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Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Arteriovenous Metabolomics to Measure In Vivo Metabolite Exchange in Brown Adipose Tissue
02:55

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Burn size determines the inflammatory and hypermetabolic response.

Marc G Jeschke1, Ronald P Mlcak, Celeste C Finnerty

  • 1Shriners Hospitals for Children, 815 Market Street, Galveston, TX 77550, USA. majeschk@utmb.edu

Critical Care (London, England)
|August 25, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Burn size significantly impacts mortality in pediatric patients. Larger burns (>60% TBSA) increase hypermetabolism, inflammation, and cardiac dysfunction, leading to higher mortality.

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Published on: November 11, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric critical care
  • Burn medicine
  • Inflammatory response

Background:

  • Burn size is a critical determinant of mortality in pediatric patients.
  • The precise pathophysiological mechanisms linking burn size to mortality, including inflammation and hypermetabolism, require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between burn size and key physiological parameters in pediatric burn patients.
  • To assess differences in inflammation, body composition, protein synthesis, and organ function across varying burn severities.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective clinical trial categorizing pediatric patients into four burn size groups based on total body surface area (TBSA) percentage.
  • Comprehensive assessment of demographic data, clinical outcomes, hypermetabolism, inflammatory markers, body composition, protein balance, hormonal profiles, and cardiac and liver function.

Main Results:

  • Larger burn sizes (>60% TBSA) correlated with increased operations, infections, sepsis, and mortality.
  • Patients with >80% TBSA burns exhibited the highest resting energy expenditure and significant loss of body weight, lean mass, muscle protein, and bone mineral.
  • Elevated cortisol levels, myocardial depression, altered liver size, and distinct cytokine profiles were observed in patients with larger burns.

Conclusions:

  • Mortality and morbidity in pediatric burn patients are directly dependent on burn size, with significant effects observed at or above 60% TBSA.
  • Increased hypermetabolic and inflammatory responses, coupled with impaired cardiac function, are key drivers of adverse outcomes in severe burns.