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Related Concept Videos

Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content02:33

Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content

Cytokinesis segregates a cell’s chromosomes and organelles into its daughter cells. Organelles divide and grow prior to cell division but cannot be synthesized de novo; therefore, cells must receive at least one copy of each organelle to survive. Currently, many of the details of how the organelles are distributed are not yet fully elucidated.
Distribution of cytoplasmic determinants
The cytoplasm contains various organelles, as well as salts, proteins, and water. The distribution of small...
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or "prometaphase,"...
Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation02:36

Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation

Cell size is a significant factor impacting cellular design, function, and fitness. There exists some internal coordination by which cells double their masses before division, thus, achieving homeostasis. Coordination between cell growth and proliferation depends on the checkpoints in between cell cycle phases. Loss of coordination or failure in the checkpoint mechanism can drive the cell to uncontrolled growth and loss of cellular function. Like dividing cells that coordinate cellular growth,...
Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation02:36

Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation

Cell size is a significant factor impacting cellular design, function, and fitness. There exists some internal coordination by which cells double their masses before division, thus, achieving homeostasis. Coordination between cell growth and proliferation depends on the checkpoints in between cell cycle phases. Loss of coordination or failure in the checkpoint mechanism can drive the cell to uncontrolled growth and loss of cellular function. Like dividing cells that coordinate cellular growth,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Studying Organelle Dynamics in B Cells During Immune Synapse Formation
15:39

Studying Organelle Dynamics in B Cells During Immune Synapse Formation

Published on: June 1, 2019

Germinal-center organization and cellular dynamics.

Christopher D C Allen1, Takaharu Okada, Jason G Cyster

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA. chris.allen@ucsf.edu

Immunity
|August 29, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Germinal centers (GCs) are dynamic sites for antibody maturation. Recent imaging reveals GC B cells, regardless of zone, compete for T cell help and antigen, challenging older models.

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Studying Organelle Dynamics in B Cells During Immune Synapse Formation
15:39

Studying Organelle Dynamics in B Cells During Immune Synapse Formation

Published on: June 1, 2019

Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers
10:07

Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers

Published on: April 9, 2014

Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
09:35

Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Germinal centers (GCs) are crucial for adaptive immunity, specifically antibody affinity maturation.
  • The classical model describes distinct dark and light zones with specialized B cell populations (centroblasts and centrocytes).
  • This model posits specific roles for proliferation, somatic hypermutation, and antigen selection within these zones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize recent findings on germinal center dynamics.
  • To evaluate how new imaging techniques challenge or support the classical GC model.
  • To propose an updated model of germinal center B cell behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on germinal center biology.
  • Analysis of data from real-time two-photon microscopy of intact lymph nodes.
  • Integration of findings on cell migration, proliferation, and interaction dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Real-time imaging provides new insights into GC dynamics.
  • Evidence suggests dark and light zone B cells may be morphologically similar.
  • Proliferation occurs in both GC zones, not exclusively in the dark zone.
  • GC B cells compete for both antigen and T cell help.

Conclusions:

  • The classical GC model requires revision based on new dynamic data.
  • A revised model emphasizes competition for T cell help and antigen across GC zones.
  • Understanding GC dynamics is key to optimizing antibody responses and vaccine design.