Biological activities of oxygenated sterols: physiological and pathological implications

Oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol (oxysterols) are widely distributed in nature, being found in the blood and tissues of animals and man as well as in foodstuff. They exhibit many biological activities which are of potential physiological, pathological or pharmacological importance. Many oxysterols have been found to be potent inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis and one or more oxysterols may play a role as the physiologic feedback regulator of cholesterol synthesis. Oxysterols also inhibit cell replication and have cytotoxic properties, effects which suggest that these sterols may participate in the regulation of cell proliferation and may be potentially useful as therapeutic agents for cancer. Furthermore, there is considerable evidence that oxysterols may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although the mechanism of action of oxysterols in all these instances is not well understood, the existence of cytosolic and microsomal proteins which bind oxysterols with high affinity and specificity suggests that this group of compounds may represent a family of intracellular regulatory molecules.