Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...
Tetanus01:29

Tetanus

Tetanus is a life-threatening neurological disorder characterized by persistent muscle contractions and spastic paralysis. It is caused by Clostridium tetani, a motile, Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate anaerobe. These bacteria produce terminal endospores, giving them a distinctive “lollipop” or “tennis-racket” appearance. They thrive in anaerobic environments, such as those found in deep puncture wounds.Once introduced into the body, the spores germinate into vegetative cells. These cells...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification01:29

Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification

Spasmolytic agents are drugs used to alleviate muscle spasms and spasticity. They can be categorized into different chemical groups based on their mechanisms of action. Centrally acting spasmolytics primarily affect the spinal cord, while others directly target skeletal muscle cells.
A major class of centrally acting spasmolytics is the α2-agonist, such as tizanidine. These drugs bind to α2-adrenoceptors, inhibiting the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. They also promote...
Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

[Cervical Dystonia].

Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie·2018
Same author

[Treatment of laryngeal dystonia with botulinum toxin].

Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie·2017
Same author

Collum-caput (COL-CAP) concept for conceptual anterocollis, anterocaput, and forward sagittal shift.

Journal of the neurological sciences·2015
Same author

Rating scales for cervical dystonia: a critical evaluation of tools for outcome assessment of botulinum toxin therapy.

Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)·2012
Same author

Botulinum type A toxin complex for the relief of upper back myofascial pain syndrome: how do fixed-location injections compare with trigger point-focused injections?

Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.)·2011
Same author

Double-blind, randomised, parallel group pilot study comparing two botulinum toxin type A products for the treatment of blepharospasm.

Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)·2010

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

[Botulinum toxin: a new dimension for spasticity].

Gerhard Reichel1

  • 1Kompetenzzentrum für Bewegungsstörungen, Paracelsusklinik Zwickau. prof.gerhard.reichel@pk-mx.de

MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin
|August 30, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Botulinum toxin (Btx) is a standard treatment for spasticity, improving mobility and daily living activities. Local Btx application offers effective spasm relief without systemic side effects, aiding long-term motor development.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Spasticity is a common motor disorder affecting mobility and daily function.
  • Botulinum toxin (Btx) is increasingly utilized as a therapeutic agent for spasticity management.
  • Current treatments often involve combination therapies including oral medications and physiotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin (Btx) in managing various forms of spasticity.
  • To assess the impact of Btx on patient mobility, self-care, and overall motor development.
  • To highlight the advantages of localized Btx application over systemic treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical practices and therapeutic outcomes associated with botulinum toxin (Btx) use in spasticity.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

  • Analysis of Btx efficacy in improving gait, standing ability, and functional independence.
  • Assessment of Btx's role in alleviating painful spasms and facilitating patient care.

    • Main Results:

    • Botulinum toxin (Btx) significantly improves walking and standing in patients with spastic equinus deformity and hip/knee flexor spasticity.
    • Btx treatment eases care for patients with severe adductor and limb flexor spasticity, enhancing self-care and dressing.
    • Localized Btx application effectively treats painful spasms, avoiding systemic side effects common with oral antispasticity drugs.

    Conclusions:

    • Botulinum toxin (Btx) is a valuable component of spasticity treatment, enhancing functional outcomes and patient quality of life.
    • The localized application of Btx provides a targeted and effective approach to managing spasticity-related symptoms.
    • Long-term Btx treatment can substantially contribute to improved motor development, particularly in pediatric patients with early-onset spasticity.