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Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals
Published on: January 5, 2016
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 controllers but not noncontrollers maintain CD4 T cells coexpressing three
Sunil Kannanganat1, Bill G Kapogiannis, Chris Ibegbu
1Vaccine research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Abstract:
Here, we evaluate the cytokine coexpression profiles of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD4 T cells for the expression of the cytokines gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. In controllers, CD4 T cells producing three or two cytokines (triple producers and double producers, respectively) represented >50% of the total response. In contrast, in noncontrollers approximately 75% of responding cells produced only one cytokine (single producers), mostly IFN-gamma. Cells producing three cytokines were functionally superior to those producing single cytokines and showed an inverse correlation (P < 0.001) with viral load. These results demonstrate a strong association between the maintenance of highly functional CD4 T cells producing three cytokines and control of HIV-1.
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