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Related Concept Videos

Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a surface,...
Dehydration Synthesis01:15

Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.Synthesis of carbohydratesSugar molecules are covalently linked together by dehydration synthesis. During the reaction, the hydroxyl (-OH) group from one reactant...
Hydrolysis01:15

Hydrolysis

Overview
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
Complex carbohydrates can be broken down by breaking the bonds between individual sugar units. The reaction breaks a glycosidic bond as water is added to the compound. The...
Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
Water Cement Ratio01:28

Water Cement Ratio

The water-cement ratio is pivotal in defining concrete's quality. This ratio, a balance between the weight of water and cement in the mix, shapes the concrete's strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors. As identified by Abrams’ law, less water in the mix equates to stronger concrete. However, water is essential not only for the chemical process of hydration but also for the concrete's workability and compaction. While hydration chemically binds water and cement, physical...
Superplasticizers01:30

Superplasticizers

Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Synthesis of a Water-soluble Metal&#8211;Organic Complex Array
06:40

Synthesis of a Water-soluble Metal–Organic Complex Array

Published on: October 8, 2016

Polywater: polymer or artifact?

D L Rousseau, S P Porto

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |March 27, 1970
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Polywater samples exhibited standard physical and spectroscopic properties. However, chemical analyses revealed impurities that likely explain the anomalous characteristics observed in this special water form.

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    Area of Science:

    • Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Polywater, a controversial form of water, has been reported to possess unique physical and spectroscopic properties.
    • Previous studies have yielded conflicting results regarding its anomalous characteristics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the physical and spectroscopic properties of polywater samples.
    • To identify potential causes for the anomalous properties attributed to polywater.

    Main Methods:

    • Preparation of polywater samples using standard methodologies.
    • Characterization of physical and spectroscopic properties.
    • Comprehensive chemical analysis to detect impurities.

    Main Results:

    • Polywater samples displayed consistent physical and spectroscopic properties comparable to those reported globally.
    • Chemical analyses detected significant concentrations of impurities within the polywater samples.

    Conclusions:

    • The anomalous properties of polywater are likely attributable to the presence of impurities rather than inherent characteristics of a distinct water form.
    • Further research should focus on highly purified water to definitively ascertain its properties.