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Impulse

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According to Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of change of the momentum of an object is the net external force acting on it. The total change in momentum between two timepoints thus depends on both the external force acting on it and the time over which it acts. Describing this mathematically, the total change of an object’s motion is proportional to the force vector and the time over which it is applied. This product is called impulse.
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A system's total angular momentum remains constant if the net external torque acting on the system is zero. Examples of such systems include a freely spinning bicycle tire that slows over time due to torque arising from friction, or the slowing of Earth's rotation over millions of years due to frictional forces exerted on tidal deformations. However in the absence of a net external torque, the angular momentum remains conserved. The conservation of angular momentum principle requires a change...

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Gravity between Spherical Bodies

Newton's law of gravitation describes the gravitational force between any two point masses. However, for extended spherical objects like the Earth, the Moon, and other planets, the law holds with an assumption that masses of spherical objects are concentrated at their respective centers.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Published on: April 3, 2018

Meteoroid storms detected on the moon.

F K Duennebier, Y Nakamura, G V Latham

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|June 4, 1976

Summary

Lunar seismometers detected enhanced meteoroid impacts, indicating the Moon encountered dense meteoroid clouds. The June 1975 event involved a cloud approximately 0.1 astronomical units wide with a mass up to 10^14 grams.

Area of Science:

Lunar seismology
Meteoroid impact studies
Solar system dynamics

Background:

Seismic data from lunar missions provides insights into surface activity.
Understanding meteoroid impacts is crucial for planetary science and space exploration.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze seismic data for evidence of meteoroid impacts on the Moon.
To characterize the nature and scale of detected meteoroid encounters.

Main Methods:

Analysis of seismic data recorded by seismometers on the lunar surface.
Interpretation of seismic signals to identify impact events and their characteristics.

Main Results:

Detection of several brief periods of enhanced meteoroid-impact activity.

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Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

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Simultaneous Measurement of Turbulence and Particle Kinematics Using Flow Imaging Techniques

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Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

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Identification of a significant meteoroid cloud encounter in June 1975.

Characterization of the June 1975 cloud: diameter of 0.1 AU and mass of 10^13–10^14 grams.

Conclusions:

The Moon experiences encounters with dense meteoroid clouds.
Seismic monitoring is effective for detecting and studying lunar impact events.
These findings contribute to understanding the distribution and behavior of small bodies in the solar system.