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Related Concept Videos

Conversion of Units01:36

Conversion of Units

Sometimes, there is a need to convert from one unit to another one. For instance, reading a cookbook in which quantities are expressed in units of liters or ounces may require conversion of quantities to cups. Or, when looking up directions on how to get to a location, we may be interested to know how many miles we are going to walk. In this case, we would have to convert units of feet or meters to miles.
The first step in the unit conversion is to list the given units and the units required...
Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion01:10

Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion

In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. He formulated his first two laws based on the observations of his forebears, Nikolaus Copernicus and Tycho Brahe.
Polish astronomer Nikolaus Copernicus put forth a theory that stated a heliocentric model for the solar system. According to this heliocentric theory, all the planets, including Earth, orbit the Sun in circular orbits.
On the other hand,...
Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion01:29

Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion

In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. His first law states that all planets orbit the Sun in an elliptical orbit, with the Sun at one of the ellipse's foci. Therefore, the distance of a planet from the Sun varies throughout its revolution around the Sun.
While in an elliptical orbit, the total energy of the planet is conserved. Therefore, the planet slows down when it is at apogee and...
Doppler Effect - II01:05

Doppler Effect - II

The Doppler effect has several practical, real-world applications. For instance, meteorologists use Doppler radars to interpret weather events based on the Doppler effect. Typically, a transmitter emits radio waves at a specific frequency toward the sky from a weather station. The radio waves bounce off the clouds and precipitation and travel back to the weather station. The radio frequency of the waves reflected back to the station appears to decrease if the clouds or precipitation are moving...
Reduced Mass Coordinates: Isolated Two-body Problem01:12

Reduced Mass Coordinates: Isolated Two-body Problem

In classical mechanics, the two-body problem is one of the fundamental problems describing the motion of two interacting bodies under gravity or any other central force. When considering the motion of two bodies, one of the most important concepts is the reduced mass coordinates, a quantity that allows the two-body problem to be solved like a single-body problem. In these circumstances, it is assumed that a single body with reduced mass revolves around another body fixed in a position with an...
Pole and System Stability01:24

Pole and System Stability

The transfer function is a fundamental concept representing the ratio of two polynomials. The numerator and denominator encapsulate the system's dynamics. The zeros and poles of this transfer function are critical in determining the system's behavior and stability.
Simple poles are unique roots of the denominator polynomial. Each simple pole corresponds to a distinct solution to the system's characteristic equation, typically resulting in exponential decay terms in the system's response.

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Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO
10:35

Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

Published on: February 12, 2013

Improved orbital and physical parameters for the pluto-charon system.

D J Tholen, M W Buie, R P Binzel

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |July 31, 1987
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    New analysis of Pluto-Charon occultation events reveals system dimensions and composition. The Pluto-Charon system has a combined radius of 1786 km and a mean density suggesting significant rocky material.

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    Published on: January 18, 2021

    Area of Science:

    • Astronomy and astrophysics
    • Planetary science
    • Solar system studies

    Background:

    • The Pluto-Charon system is a binary object of significant scientific interest.
    • Previous observations provided limited data on the system's precise dimensions and composition.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To refine the understanding of the Pluto-Charon system's physical characteristics.
    • To determine the radii, density, and surface properties of Pluto and Charon.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of observational data from Pluto-Charon occultation and transit events in 1985 and 1986.
    • Geometric calculations to determine radii and volume.
    • Density calculations based on estimated mass and volume.

    Main Results:

    • The sum of the radii of Pluto and Charon is 1786 ± 19 km.
    • Individual radii: Pluto 1145 ± 46 km, Charon 642 ± 34 km.
    • Mean system density is 1.84 ± 0.19 g/cm³, indicating a predominantly rocky composition.

    Conclusions:

    • The Pluto-Charon system's dimensions and density have been more precisely determined.
    • The system's density suggests a composition with more than 50% rock.
    • Charon exhibits distinct surface coloration between its Plutofacing and opposite hemispheres.