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Related Concept Videos

Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I01:13

Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I

The driving force for the motion of any vehicle is friction, but in the case of rocket propulsion in space, the friction force is not present. The motion of a rocket changes its velocity (and hence its momentum) by ejecting burned fuel gases, thus causing it to accelerate in the direction opposite to the velocity of the ejected fuel. In this situation, the mass and velocity of the rocket constantly change along with the total mass of ejected gases. Due to conservation of momentum, the rocket's...
Rocket Propulsion In Empty Space - II01:12

Rocket Propulsion In Empty Space - II

The motion of a rocket is governed by the conservation of momentum principle. A rocket's momentum changes by the same amount (with the opposite sign) as the ejected gases. As time goes by, the rocket's mass (which includes the mass of the remaining fuel) continuously decreases, and its velocity increases. Therefore, the principle of conservation of momentum is used to explain the dynamics of a rocket's motion. The ideal rocket equation gives the change in velocity that a rocket experiences by...
Acceleration due to Gravity on Other Planets01:24

Acceleration due to Gravity on Other Planets

The gravitational acceleration of an object near the Earth's surface is called the acceleration due to gravity. It can be measured by conducting simple experiments on Earth. However, such an experiment is impossible to conduct on the surface of other planets.
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Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion01:10

Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion

In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. He formulated his first two laws based on the observations of his forebears, Nikolaus Copernicus and Tycho Brahe.
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Flame Photometry: Lab01:16

Flame Photometry: Lab

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO
10:35

Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

Published on: February 12, 2013

One Mars year: viking lander imaging observations.

K L Jones, R E Arvidson, E A Guinness

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |May 25, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Viking landers observed surface changes on Mars, including ice condensate formation and lower-than-expected erosion rates from dust. These findings offer insights into Martian environmental dynamics.

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    Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

    Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO
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    Published on: February 12, 2013

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    06:48

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    Published on: May 10, 2020

    Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface
    06:14

    Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface

    Published on: July 30, 2020

    Area of Science:

    • Planetary Science
    • Mars Exploration
    • Astrogeology

    Background:

    • The Viking missions aimed to study the Martian surface and atmosphere.
    • Previous estimates of Martian surface erosion rates were based on limited pre-Viking data.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To document surface changes on Mars over a full Martian year.
    • To assess the accuracy of pre-Viking erosion rate predictions.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing imaging systems on the Viking 1 and Viking 2 landers.
    • Continuous data acquisition and transmission of imaging and meteorology data.

    Main Results:

    • Observed formation of solid water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) condensates at the Viking 2 site during winter.
    • Evidence suggests Martian surface erosion rates due to dust redistribution are lower than previously predicted.

    Conclusions:

    • Martian surface processes, such as condensate formation and dust redistribution, exhibit seasonal variations.
    • Viking lander observations provide crucial in-situ data for refining models of Martian surface dynamics.