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Related Concept Videos

The Electromagnetic Spectrum02:37

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the various colors of visible light has specific frequencies and wavelengths associated with them, and you can see that visible light makes up only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because the technologies developed to work in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are different, for reasons of convenience and historical...
Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
Electric Field at the Surface of a Conductor01:26

Electric Field at the Surface of a Conductor

Consider a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium. The net electric field inside a conductor vanishes, and extra charges on the conductor reside on its outer surface, regardless of where they originate.
In the 19th century, Michael Faraday conducted the famous ice pail experiment to prove that the charges always reside on the surface of a conductor. The experimental set-up consists of a conducting uncharged container mounted on an insulating stand. The outer surface of the container is...
The Electromagnetic Spectrum01:24

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as radio, infrared, ultraviolet, etc. Radio waves refer to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from millimeters to kilometers. Radio waves are commonly used for audio communications (i.e., radios) and typically result from an alternating current in the wires of a broadcast antenna. They cover a broad wavelength range and are used...
Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves01:22

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes, this energy is obvious, such as in the summer sun's warmth. At other times, it is subtle, such as the unfelt energy of gamma rays, which can destroy living cells. Electromagnetic waves bring energy into a system through their electric and magnetic fields. These fields can exert forces and move charges in the system and, thus, do work on them. However, there is energy in an electromagnetic wave,...
Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force per...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band
06:43

Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band

Published on: May 2, 2018

Venus: global surface radio emissivity.

P G Ford, G H Pettengill

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |June 24, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Pioneer Venus radar mapper data reveal Venus surface emissivity variations linked to electrical conductivity. Low emissivity in highland regions suggests conductive material inclusions in the surface rock.

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    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

    Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band
    06:43

    Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band

    Published on: May 2, 2018

    Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface
    06:14

    Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface

    Published on: July 30, 2020

    Continuous-Wave Propagation Channel-Sounding Measurement System - Testing, Verification, and Measurements
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    Continuous-Wave Propagation Channel-Sounding Measurement System - Testing, Verification, and Measurements

    Published on: June 25, 2021

    Area of Science:

    • Planetary Science
    • Geophysics
    • Radio Astronomy

    Background:

    • Venus's surface properties are crucial for understanding its geological history.
    • Radar mapping provides insights into surface composition and structure.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze thermal radio emission variations on Venus's surface.
    • To correlate emissivity with radar reflectivity and infer surface composition.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized Pioneer Venus radar mapper data.
    • Observed thermal radio emission at a 17-centimeter wavelength.
    • Analyzed emissivity variations across Venusian terrain.

    Main Results:

    • Surface emissivity variations were the primary driver of observed radio emission changes.
    • Lowest emissivity (0.54 +/- 0.05) found in Aphrodite Terra and Theia Mons highlands.
    • These low emissivity regions correlate with previously reported high radar reflectivity.

    Conclusions:

    • Inclusions of highly electrically conductive material are inferred in the surface rock of Venusian highlands.
    • Emissivity variations provide a new method for probing subsurface properties.