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Related Concept Videos

The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light
07:08

CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light

Published on: June 12, 2019

Changes in atmospheric carbon-14 attributed to a variable sun.

M Stuiver, P D Quay

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |January 4, 1980
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Changes in solar wind affect cosmic-ray flux, altering carbon-14 (14C) production rates. Tree ring data reveals historical solar minima, like the Maunder Minimum, correlating with increased 14C production and cosmic-ray flux.

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    Temperature Response of Soil Organic Matter Decomposition Rates: Construction and Applications of a Temperature Gradient Block

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    Area of Science:

    • Paleoclimatology
    • Solar physics
    • Radiocarbon dating

    Background:

    • Galactic cosmic-ray flux, influencing carbon-14 (14C) production, is modulated by solar wind magnetic properties.
    • Atmospheric 14C levels, recorded in tree rings, provide a proxy for past 14C production rates.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a theory relating 14C production rates to solar variability, incorporating long-term solar changes.
    • To reconstruct past 14C production rates and compare them with historical solar activity records.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a carbon reservoir model to calculate past 14C production rates from tree ring data.
    • Comparing reconstructed 14C production rates with 20th-century neutron flux measurements and solar activity indices (Aa, sunspot numbers).

    Main Results:

    • The 860-year 14C record identified significant solar minima: Maunder (1654-1714), Spörer (1416-1534), and Wolf (1282-1342).
    • Calculated 14C production rates increased during sunspot absence, with the highest flux during the Spörer minimum.
    • The record after A.D. 1645 shows good correlation with historical sunspot numbers.

    Conclusions:

    • The study presents a new theory for 14C production linked to solar variability, accounting for previously neglected long-term solar changes.
    • Reconstructed solar minima and associated cosmic-ray flux variations offer insights into solar activity over the past millennium.