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Related Concept Videos

Emission Spectra02:39

Emission Spectra

When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a range of energies, and thereby produce a continuous spectrum in which an unbroken series of wavelengths is present.
Interaction of EM Radiation with Matter: Spectroscopy01:12

Interaction of EM Radiation with Matter: Spectroscopy

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation can be considered an oscillating electric and magnetic field propagating through a medium that can interact with matter in its path. The electric field in the radiation can interact with electrical charges in the atoms or molecules in the matter. On the other hand, the magnetic field can interact with the magnetic field in the atomic nucleus. The study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter is termed spectroscopy. Spectroscopy is the study...
Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission01:14

Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission

Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels. Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.
Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container. Nichols...
Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force per...
Mass Spectrum: Interpretation01:24

Mass Spectrum: Interpretation

An unknown compound can be established by identifying the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. The molecular ion peak is often weak or absent due to the predominance of fragmentation in high-energy electron beams. In such cases, a soft-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum to enhance the intensity of the molecular ion peak. Additionally, chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption ionization spectra are used to obtain a relatively intense molecular ion peak.To...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material
11:57

Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material

Published on: May 20, 2013

Asteroid vesta: spectral reflectivity and compositional implications.

T B McCord, J B Adams, T V Johnson

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |June 19, 1970
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study presents the first spectral reflectivity measurements for asteroids Vesta, Pallas, and Ceres. Vesta exhibits unique absorption bands, suggesting a surface composition similar to basaltic achondrites.

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    Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

    Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material
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    Published on: May 20, 2013

    Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
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    Published on: July 1, 2019

    Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures
    08:01

    Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

    Published on: November 21, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Planetary Science
    • Spectroscopy
    • Mineralogy

    Background:

    • Asteroid surface composition provides insights into the early solar system.
    • Previous spectral data for asteroids were limited, especially in the 0.30 to 1.10 micron range.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To measure the spectral reflectivity of asteroids Vesta, Pallas, and Ceres for the first time.
    • To identify characteristic absorption bands and compare them with known mineralogical compositions.

    Main Methods:

    • Spectral reflectivity measurements were conducted across the ultraviolet to near-infrared spectrum (0.30 to 1.10 microns).
    • Comparison of asteroid spectra with laboratory measurements of meteorites and Apollo lunar samples.

    Main Results:

    • Vesta displays a strong absorption band at 0.9 micron and a weaker one at 0.5-0.6 micron, with decreased reflectivity in the ultraviolet.
    • Pallas and likely Ceres lack the prominent 0.9-micron absorption band.
    • Vesta's absorption bands are the strongest observed for any solid solar system object, attributed to ferrous iron in magnesian pyroxene.

    Conclusions:

    • Vesta's surface composition is highly similar to specific basaltic achondrite meteorites.
    • The unique spectral features of Vesta offer significant clues about its geological history and origin.
    • Comparative spectroscopy is a powerful tool for understanding asteroid mineralogy.