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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:07

Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor chloroplasts—the vital organelles where photosynthesis takes place. In plants, the highest density of chloroplasts is found in the mesophyll cells of leaves.
The Calvin Cycle01:40

The Calvin Cycle

OverviewOxygenic photosynthesis plays a central role in the global carbon and oxygen cycles. The carbohydrates produced support nearly all food webs, while the oxygen by‑product enables aerobic life.Light‑dependent and light‑independent reactionsPhotosynthesis occurs in two main stages, each in a different part of the chloroplast: light‑dependent reactions and light‑independent reactions, also called the Calvin‑Benson cycle or simply the Calvin cycle.Light‑dependent reactions take place in the...
Light Acquisition02:16

Light Acquisition

In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
The Calvin Benson Cycle01:46

The Calvin Benson Cycle

Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, it is an inefficient enzyme, having an extremely slow catalytic rate. A typical enzyme can process about a thousand molecules per second; however, RuBisCo fixes only around three-carbon dioxides per second. Photosynthetic cells compensate for this slow rate by synthesizing very high amounts of RuBisCo, making it the most abundant single...
Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
Green Algae01:21

Green Algae

Green algae, also referred to as chlorophytes, are different from red algae in having the chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b, which give them their distinct green hue. However, they lack phycobiliproteins, preventing them from developing the red or blue-green pigmentation seen in red algae. In terms of photosynthetic pigment composition, green algae closely resemble plants and share a close evolutionary relationship with them. Taxonomically Green algae belong to Phylum Chlorophyta in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

In Vitro Reconstitution of Light-harvesting Complexes of Plants and Green Algae
11:55

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Published on: October 10, 2014

Chlorophyll derivatives in middle eocene sediments.

D L Dilcher, R J Pavlick, J Mitchell

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |June 19, 1970
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers identified methyl pheophorbide a, a chlorophyll derivative, in middle Eocene brown coal. This marks the oldest reported occurrence of fossil phorbins, offering insights into ancient organic matter.

    Area of Science:

    • Paleontology
    • Organic Geochemistry
    • Biogeochemistry

    Background:

    • Fossilized organic matter provides insights into ancient ecosystems and biogeochemical processes.
    • Chlorophyll derivatives (phorbins) are key biomarkers for photosynthetic organisms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the presence and nature of chlorophyll derivatives in middle Eocene brown coal.
    • To establish the oldest known occurrence of fossil phorbins.

    Main Methods:

    • Chloroform extraction of brown coal samples.
    • Chromatographic separation of extracted pigments.
    • Spectroscopic analysis (visible light, infrared, mass spectrometry) and determination of HCl number.

    Main Results:

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    • Identification of methyl pheophorbide a from the extracted chlorophyll derivatives.
    • Characterization of the pigment using multiple analytical techniques.
    • Confirmation of the middle Eocene age of the coal deposit.

    Conclusions:

    • The oldest fossil phorbins have been reported in middle Eocene brown coal.
    • Methyl pheophorbide a serves as a reliable biomarker for ancient photosynthetic life.
    • This finding enhances our understanding of early diagenesis and biomarker preservation.