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Related Concept Videos

Insulation Coordination01:23

Insulation Coordination

Insulation coordination is the process of matching electric equipment's insulation strength with protective device characteristics to protect the equipment against expected overvoltages. This selection is based on engineering judgment and cost. Equipment can generally withstand short-duration high transient overvoltages, but repeated tests with identical waveforms can yield inconsistent results. As a result, standard impulse voltage waveforms are used for testing, defined by specific times for...
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Masonry Curtain Walls

Masonry curtain walls employ brick or stone veneers supported by the building's structure to form an external cladding system that is both aesthetically appealing and functional. These walls are erected through two principal techniques, first by traditional layering of masonry units and second by using prefabricated panels. Traditional construction relies on steel shelf angles attached to the spandrel beam for support, with high-bond mortars ensuring secure attachment of masonry veneer units.
Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions01:21

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions

In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
Other key practices include keeping masonry units and sand dry and...
Cold Weather Concreting01:27

Cold Weather Concreting

When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
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Frost Action on Concrete

Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
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A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function
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The ross ice shelf project.

J W Clough, B L Hansen

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |February 2, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Scientific exploration beneath the Ross Ice Shelf revealed sparse life, including crustaceans and fish, in a region with active ocean circulation and basal ice melt. The seabed is composed of ancient glaciomarine mud with average geothermal heat flow.

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    Area of Science:

    • Marine Biology
    • Oceanography
    • Geology

    Background:

    • The Ross Ice Shelf is a critical component of the Antarctic ice sheet.
    • Understanding sub-ice shelf environments is crucial for predicting ice dynamics and sea-level rise.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the biological and geological characteristics of the sub-ice shelf environment.
    • To assess oceanographic conditions and geothermal heat flow beneath the Ross Ice Shelf.

    Main Methods:

    • Drilling a borehole through the Ross Ice Shelf.
    • Conducting scientific sampling for biological and geological analysis.
    • Collecting oceanographic data and measuring geothermal heat flow.

    Main Results:

    • A sparse population of crustaceans, fish, and microbial biomass was discovered.
    • The seabed comprises mid-Miocene glaciomarine mud.
    • Average geothermal heat flow was recorded.
    • Oceanographic data revealed active circulation and melting at the ice base.

    Conclusions:

    • The sub-ice shelf ecosystem is sparsely populated but present.
    • Active oceanographic processes, including basal melting, are occurring.
    • Geological and geothermal conditions are characterized.