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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Unit Cells01:18

Unit Cells

A crystal's internal structure is an orderly array of atoms, ions, or molecules, and the details of this array significantly influence the solid's properties. In a crystal, periodically repeating 'structural motifs' - which could be atoms, molecules, or groups thereof - create a 'space lattice.' This is essentially a three-dimensional, infinite array of points, each surrounded by its neighbors in an identical way, forming the basic structure of the crystal.A 'unit cell' is a theoretical...
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Adsorption Device Based on a Langatate Crystal Microbalance for High Temperature High Pressure Gas Adsorption in Zeolite H-ZSM-5
09:46

Adsorption Device Based on a Langatate Crystal Microbalance for High Temperature High Pressure Gas Adsorption in Zeolite H-ZSM-5

Published on: August 25, 2016

A cationic cesium continuum in zeolite x.

T Sun, K Seff, N H Heo

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |January 22, 1993
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers created a cesium continuum within zeolite X, revealing a unique diamond-like arrangement of cesium clusters. This discovery advances understanding of materials with delocalized electrons.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Solid-State Chemistry
    • Crystallography

    Background:

    • Zeolites are microporous aluminosilicate minerals widely used as adsorbents and catalysts.
    • Cesium incorporation into zeolites can significantly alter their properties.
    • Understanding the structural arrangement of guest species within zeolite frameworks is crucial for designing new materials.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To prepare and characterize a cesium continuum within the zeolite X framework.
    • To determine the precise atomic arrangement of cesium within the zeolite cavities.
    • To investigate the electronic properties of the cesium continuum.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray crystallography was employed to determine the structure.
    • Preparation of the cesium continuum involved filling zeolite X channels and cavities.

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    Organic Structure-directing Agent-free Synthesis for *BEA-type Zeolite Membrane
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    Published on: February 22, 2020

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    Adsorption Device Based on a Langatate Crystal Microbalance for High Temperature High Pressure Gas Adsorption in Zeolite H-ZSM-5
    09:46

    Adsorption Device Based on a Langatate Crystal Microbalance for High Temperature High Pressure Gas Adsorption in Zeolite H-ZSM-5

    Published on: August 25, 2016

    Synthesis of Zeolites Using the ADOR (Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly) Route
    08:26

    Synthesis of Zeolites Using the ADOR (Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly) Route

    Published on: April 3, 2016

    Organic Structure-directing Agent-free Synthesis for *BEA-type Zeolite Membrane
    08:49

    Organic Structure-directing Agent-free Synthesis for *BEA-type Zeolite Membrane

    Published on: February 22, 2020

  • Valence electron delocalization was analyzed based on the determined structure.

    • Main Results:

    • A three-dimensional cationic cesium continuum was successfully prepared within zeolite X.
    • The cesium ions form Cs(13) and Cs(14) clusters arranged in a diamond-like structure within the supercages.
    • A Cs(2) appendix is present in the sodalite cavity per cluster.
    • Valence electrons are widely delocalized across 95% of the cesium ions (0.3 electrons per Cs(+) ion).

    Conclusions:

    • The study reveals a novel, highly ordered arrangement of cesium within zeolite X.
    • The delocalized electrons in the cesium continuum suggest potential for unique electronic or catalytic properties.
    • This work provides a detailed structural basis for further investigations into cesium-zeolite materials.