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Related Concept Videos

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Electric Charges01:11

Electric Charges

From lightning during thunderstorms to electronic devices, the phenomenon of electromagnetism is all around us. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It has been known to humanity in various forms for thousands of years. For example, the ancient Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus recorded his experiments on static electricity using amber and fur in the sixth century BC.
The English physicist William Gilbert studied the phenomenon of static electricity in...
Fermi Level Dynamics01:12

Fermi Level Dynamics

The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
Electron affinity in semiconductors refers to the energy gap between the minimum of its conduction band and the vacuum level and it is a critical parameter in determining how easily a semiconductor can accept additional electrons.
The work...
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...

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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Blue-hazard-free Candlelight OLED
10:18

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Published on: March 19, 2017

Optical activity and ferroelectricity in liquid crystals.

J W Goodby

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |January 24, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    Optically active liquid crystals exhibit dissymmetric structures, leading to optical activity and unique light interactions. These properties enable applications in advanced optical devices and light valves.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Condensed Matter Physics
    • Crystallography

    Background:

    • Optically active materials can form liquid-crystalline phases with dissymmetric molecular arrangements.
    • Certain liquid crystal phases, like cholesteric and smectic C, I, and F, possess helical molecular ordering.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the relationship between molecular configuration and macroscopic optical properties in liquid crystals.
    • To understand the origins of optical activity and ferroelectricity in specific liquid crystal phases.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of molecular configurations in liquid-crystalline phases.
    • Investigation of light-matter interactions, including optical rotation and light reflection.
    • Examination of ferroelectric properties in smectic liquid crystal phases.

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    Published on: February 27, 2019

    Main Results:

    • Helical structures in cholesteric and smectic phases cause optical rotation and selective light reflection.
    • Smectic phases can exhibit ferroelectricity, enabling applications in fast-switching light valves.
    • A correlation between microscopic molecular properties and macroscopic optical phenomena was established.

    Conclusions:

    • The study elucidates the structure-property relationships in optically active liquid crystals.
    • Understanding these relationships is key to developing advanced optical materials and devices.
    • Ferroelectric liquid crystals offer potential for high-performance electro-optic applications.