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Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

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Venus: lower atmosphere not measured.

V R Eshleman, G Fjeldbo, J D Anderson

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|November 8, 1968

Summary

New analysis of Venus atmospheric data suggests the Soviet Venera 4 probe may have misreported its altitude. Extrapolated conditions indicate a much hotter and denser Venusian atmosphere than previously reported.

Area of Science:

Planetary Science
Atmospheric Science
Aerospace Engineering

Background:

Discrepancies existed between Soviet Venera 4 and U.S. Mariner V atmospheric measurements of Venus.
Conflicting planetary radius data arose from Venera 4's claimed surface measurements versus Earth-based radar data.

Purpose of the Study:

To reconcile differing Venus atmospheric data from Venera 4 and Mariner V.
To establish a more accurate Venusian atmospheric profile and planetary radius.

Main Methods:

Concurrent ranging from Earth to Mariner V and Venus's surface.
Comparison of Venera 4 and Mariner V atmospheric pressure and temperature data.
Extrapolation of probe measurements to estimate surface conditions.

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Main Results:

A new planetary radius determination favors a smaller value, resolving prior discrepancies.
Neither spacecraft measured conditions at the mean surface level.
Extrapolated Venusian surface conditions: ~100 atmospheres pressure and ~700 K temperature.

Conclusions:

The Soviet Venera 4 likely did not reach the Venusian surface as claimed.
The probe's data suggests a significantly denser and hotter atmosphere than reported.
A simple altimeter ambiguity in Venera 4 could explain the discrepancies.