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Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope
09:06

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Published on: March 24, 2019

Isotope effect in superconducting fullerenes.

S Chakravarty, S A Kivelson, M I Salkola

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |May 29, 1992
    PubMed
    Summary

    Isotopic mass can surprisingly decrease superconducting transition temperature (T(c)) in alkali-doped C(60), even with electronic interactions. This finding aligns with a new electronic mechanism, offering testable predictions for future experiments.

    Area of Science:

    • Superconductivity research
    • Condensed matter physics
    • Materials science

    Background:

    • Superconducting transition temperature (T(c)) is crucial in materials science.
    • Isotopic effects typically relate to phonon-mediated superconductivity.
    • Alkali-doped C(60) fullerene compounds exhibit interesting superconducting properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of isotopic substitution on T(c) in alkali-doped C(60).
    • To explore the mechanism behind observed isotopic shifts in superconductivity.
    • To determine if electronic interactions can explain paradoxical isotopic effects.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental examination of isotopic substitution effects.
    • Analysis of superconducting transition temperature (T(c)) measurements.

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    Published on: July 8, 2021

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    04:51

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    Published on: July 8, 2021

  • Comparison of experimental data with theoretical electronic mechanisms.
  • Main Results:

    • A significant decrease in T(c) was observed with increasing isotopic mass.
    • This decrease occurs even when superconductivity is not phonon-mediated.
    • Experimental results are consistent with a proposed electronic mechanism for superconductivity.

    Conclusions:

    • Isotopic mass can inversely affect T(c) in alkali-doped C(60) via electronic interactions.
    • The findings support a novel electronic mechanism over traditional phonon-mediated theories.
    • New, experimentally verifiable predictions regarding isotopic effects in fullerene superconductors are presented.