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Time, structure, and fluctuations.

I Prigogine

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |September 1, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Nonequilibrium processes can generate order, leading to "dissipative structures." This study outlines their thermodynamic theory and microscopic definitions of irreversibility, advancing theoretical chemistry and physics.

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    Area of Science:

    • Thermodynamics
    • Theoretical Chemistry
    • Theoretical Physics

    Background:

    • The second law of thermodynamics presents conceptual challenges at macroscopic and microscopic levels.
    • Understanding the nature of nonequilibrium and irreversible processes is crucial for advancing physical sciences.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore how nonequilibrium can be a source of order.
    • To introduce and define "dissipative structures" arising from irreversible processes.
    • To develop a microscopic understanding of irreversibility and its relation to thermodynamic equilibrium.

    Main Methods:

    • Consideration of macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the second law of thermodynamics.
    • Development of a thermodynamic theory for dissipative structures.

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  • Formulation of a microscopic definition for irreversible processes.
  • Application of a transformation theory to derive nonunitary equations of motion.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstration that nonequilibrium can be a source of order.
    • Identification of "dissipative structures" as dynamic states of matter resulting from irreversible processes.
    • Introduction of nonunitary equations of motion that explicitly show irreversibility and approach to equilibrium.

    Conclusions:

    • Irreversible processes can lead to the formation of ordered structures (dissipative structures).
    • A microscopic framework for understanding irreversibility and its connection to thermodynamic equilibrium has been established.
    • Thermodynamic concepts are expected to play an increasingly significant role in theoretical chemistry and physics.