Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.

Conditions on Early Earth

Conditions on Early Earth

Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.

What is Evolutionary History?

What is Evolutionary History?

Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and provides evidence for evolution. However, both fossil and living organisms offer evidence that outlines Earth’s evolutionary history.Phylogenetic trees illustrate the evolutionary relationships among these organisms. Scientists infer organisms’ common ancestry by evaluating shared morphological and genetic characteristics. Together, the fossil...

The Fossil Record

The Fossil Record

The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...

Conditions on Early Earth

Conditions on Early Earth

Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.

Deep Sea Microbial Ecology

Deep Sea Microbial Ecology

The deep ocean and its underlying sediments represent vast, largely unexplored microbial habitats that extend far beyond the sunlit photic zone. The photic (euphotic) zone typically spans the upper ~100–200 meters of pelagic waters in the open ocean, but its depth varies geographically and seasonally, where sufficient light supports photosynthetic life. Below this lies the deep sea, spanning roughly 1000–6000 meters (bathypelagic to abyssal zones), with deeper hadal trenches extending beyond...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A nationwide mixed-methods study of gaps and barriers to implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programmes in hospitals in Indonesia.

The Journal of hospital infection·2024

Same author

Para-esophageal hiatal hernia; a case manifesting gastrointestinal and cardiac symptoms and presenting itself on x-ray as a mediastinal tumor.

New York state journal of medicine·2010

Same author

DNA strand scission and apurinic sites induced by photoactivated aflatoxins.

Cancer research·1988

Same author

Evaluation of an intervention program for head lice infestation in school children.

The Pediatric infectious disease journal·1988

Same author

Ice-rafting, an indication of glaciation?

Science (New York, N.Y.)·1981

Same author

Episodic ice-free arctic ocean in pliocene and pleistocene time: calcareous nannofossil evidence.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·1980

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside

Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside

Published on: July 3, 2016

Arctic paleo-oceanography in late cenozoic time.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|July 31, 1970

Summary

Arctic Ocean sediment cores reveal millions of years of climate shifts. Evidence shows the ocean was ice-free until about 700,000 years ago, then experienced alternating ice-covered and ice-free periods.

Area of Science:

Paleoceanography
Climate Science
Arctic Research

Background:

The Arctic region has a complex climate history.
Understanding past Arctic conditions is crucial for predicting future climate change.

Purpose of the Study:

To reconstruct the climate history of the Arctic Ocean over the last 6 million years.
To determine the timing of permanent pack ice formation in the Arctic.

Main Methods:

Analysis of sediment cores from the Arctic Ocean.
Examination of faunal and lithologic evidence within sediment layers.

Main Results:

Sediment cores indicate alternating cold and milder climate periods over the last 6 million years.
The Arctic Ocean was largely ice-free until approximately 0.7 million years ago.

More Related Videos

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Published on: March 31, 2023

Visualizing Oceanographic Data to Depict Long-term Changes in Phytoplankton

Visualizing Oceanographic Data to Depict Long-term Changes in Phytoplankton

Published on: July 28, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside

Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside

Published on: July 3, 2016

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Published on: March 31, 2023

Visualizing Oceanographic Data to Depict Long-term Changes in Phytoplankton

Visualizing Oceanographic Data to Depict Long-term Changes in Phytoplankton

Published on: July 28, 2023

Post-0.7 million years ago, the Arctic experienced successive ice-covered and ice-free conditions.

Conclusions:

The Arctic Ocean's climate history is characterized by significant variability.
The onset of persistent Arctic sea ice cover occurred relatively recently in geological terms (around 0.7 million years ago).
This recent shift in ice cover has profound implications for Arctic ecosystems and global climate.