Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Thermodynamics

Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Thermodynamics

The anti-Markovnikov addition of hydrogen halides to an alkene is thermodynamically feasible only with HBr. The radical addition reaction with other hydrogen halides like HCl and HI is thermodynamically unfavorable.

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

This lesson delves into the geometry of a radical, which is influenced by the electronic structure of the molecule. The principle is similar to that of a lone pair, where the unpaired electron influences the geometry at the radical center.
Accordingly, the structure of a trivalent radical lies between the geometries of carbocations and carbanions. An sp2-hybridized carbocation is trigonal planar, while an sp3-hybridized carbanion is trigonal pyramidal. Here, the difference in geometry is...

Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics

Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics

The thermodynamic favorability of a reaction is determined by the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG). ΔG has two components- enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS). The entropy component is negligible for alkane halogenation because the number of reactants and product molecules are equal. In this case, the ΔG is governed only by the enthalpy component. The most crucial factor that determines ΔH is the strength of the bonds. ΔH can be determined by comparing the energy between bonds broken and bonds...

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic factors, steric factors also account...

Radical Reactivity: Concentration Effects

Radical Reactivity: Concentration Effects

In a radical reaction, the concentration of starting materials governs the selectivity of a radical. For example, the reaction between an alkyl halide and an alkene, in the presence of tin hydride and AIBN, begins with the generation of a tin radical. The generated radical then abstracts halogen from the alkyl halide, producing an alkyl radical. This alkyl radical can either react with tin hydride, yielding an alkane, or add to an alkene, generating a nitrile-stabilized radical, eventually...

Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents

Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents

In the presence of heat or light, alkanes react with molecular halogens to form alkyl halides by a substitution reaction called radical halogenation. This reaction has three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination, as seen in the radical chlorination of methane to produce methyl chloride.
In the initiation step of the reaction, the chlorine molecule undergoes homolytic cleavage in the presence of light or heat, forming two highly reactive chlorine radicals. Propagation occurs in two...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Lactic acidosis is associated with multiple organ failure and need for ventilator support in patients with severe hemorrhage from trauma.

European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society·2016

Same author

Refining the continuum of CFTR-associated disorders in the era of newborn screening.

Clinical genetics·2015

Same author

Transcriptional signatures as a disease-specific and predictive inflammatory biomarker for type 1 diabetes.

Genes and immunity·2012

Same author

Cystic fibrosis mutations for p.F508del compound heterozygotes predict sweat chloride levels and pancreatic sufficiency.

Clinical genetics·2011

Same author

Compensation for industrial injury.

Health and social welfare·2010

Same author

Alcoholism.

Boletim de higiene mental·2010

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

Published on: November 18, 2018

Normal atmosphere: large radical and formaldehyde concentrations predicted.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|July 9, 1971

Summary

A new atmospheric model shows daytime hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and methylperoxyl radicals reach 5 x 10^8 molecules/cm³. It also proposes a radical chain reaction for rapid carbon monoxide removal, shortening its atmospheric lifetime.

Area of Science:

Atmospheric chemistry
Environmental science
Chemical kinetics

Background:

The Earth's surface atmosphere contains various reactive radicals and gases like carbon monoxide (CO) and formaldehyde.
Understanding the concentrations and interactions of these species is crucial for air quality and climate modeling.
Previous models may not fully capture the rapid removal pathways for atmospheric pollutants.

Purpose of the Study:

To model the steady-state concentrations of key radicals and formaldehyde in a normal, unpolluted surface atmosphere.
To propose and analyze a radical chain reaction mechanism for the efficient removal of carbon monoxide.
To determine the atmospheric lifetime of carbon monoxide based on the proposed mechanism.

Main Methods:

Development and application of a steady-state atmospheric model.

More Related Videos

Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

Published on: February 19, 2018

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation

Published on: November 3, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

Published on: November 18, 2018

Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

Published on: February 19, 2018

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation

Published on: November 3, 2016

Simulation of chemical reactions involving hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and methylperoxyl radicals.

Kinetic analysis of a proposed radical chain reaction for carbon monoxide oxidation.

Main Results:

Predicted daytime concentrations of hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and methylperoxyl radicals near 5 x 10^8 molecules/cm³.
Predicted formaldehyde concentration of approximately 5 x 10^10 molecules/cm³ (2 parts per billion).
The proposed radical chain reaction leads to a significantly reduced carbon monoxide lifetime, as low as 0.2 year.

Conclusions:

The model provides estimates for key radical and formaldehyde concentrations in the unpolluted surface atmosphere.
A radical chain reaction mechanism offers an efficient pathway for atmospheric carbon monoxide removal.
The findings suggest a shorter atmospheric lifetime for carbon monoxide than previously estimated, impacting air quality and climate studies.