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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
What is Weather?01:07

What is Weather?

Overview
Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
Precipitation Reactions03:10

Precipitation Reactions

In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer
06:27

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

Published on: May 29, 2019

Winter rain and summer ozone: a predictive relationship.

J S Sandberg, M J Basso, B A Okin

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |June 2, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary

    Winter precipitation predicts summer air pollution. Two years of winter rain correlate with San Francisco Bay Area ozone levels and reactive hydrocarbon emissions, offering a new seasonal forecasting tool for air quality meteorology.

    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Science
    • Atmospheric Chemistry
    • Dendrochronology

    Background:

    • Air pollution meteorology, particularly summer ozone, poses a significant environmental challenge.
    • Existing models may not fully capture seasonal variations and predictive factors for ozone formation.
    • Dendrochronology, the study of tree rings, offers insights into past climate and environmental conditions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify a novel seasonal predictor for air pollution meteorology, specifically focusing on summer ozone.
    • To investigate the correlation between historical precipitation patterns and summer ozone excesses in the San Francisco Bay Area.
    • To test the hypothesis that reactive hydrocarbon emissions from vegetative biomass influence ozone formation.

    Main Methods:

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  • Utilized dendrochronology data to establish a link between tree-ring width and past precipitation.
  • Analyzed historical meteorological data to correlate two-winter precipitation totals with summer ozone levels.
  • Examined the relationship between two-winter precipitation and summer maximum reactive hydrocarbon concentrations at suburban stations.

    • Main Results:

    • A strong correlation (r = .87) was found between summer ozone excesses and precipitation from the two preceding winters.
    • A similar correlation (r = .88) was observed between summer reactive hydrocarbon maximums and the two-winter precipitation factor.
    • The influence of hot summers following wet winters on ozone levels was found to be a minor factor.

    Conclusions:

    • Past winter precipitation serves as a significant seasonal predictor for summer air pollution, specifically ozone and hydrocarbon levels.
    • Dendrochronology provides a valuable tool for understanding long-term environmental factors influencing air quality.
    • The findings suggest a potential for improved seasonal forecasting of air pollution events based on winter precipitation data.