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Related Concept Videos

Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...
Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy01:20

Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy

To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...
Studying the Cytoskeleton01:17

Studying the Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeletal architecture can be studied using different microscopic and biochemical techniques. Electron microscopy was instrumental in discovering the cytoskeletal architecture around the 1960s, which allowed obtaining structural information at a high-resolution level. However, the sample preparation procedure often limits this ability in biological samples. Several protocols have been developed over the years to optimize sample preparation. In one of the protocols known as rotary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Microbiota of Attine Ants' Gardens: Visualizing a Microbial Landscape by Scanning Electron Microscopy
07:00

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Published on: October 4, 2024

Scanning electron microscope study of early lichen synthesis.

V Ahmadjian, J B Jacobs, L A Russell

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |June 2, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary

    The study reveals that Lecidea albocaerulescens symbionts use an extracellular sheath for recognition. This sheath aids the mycobiont in securing the phycobiont for lichen development.

    Area of Science:

    • Mycology
    • Phycology
    • Lichenology

    Background:

    • Cellular interactions are crucial for lichen symbiosis.
    • Understanding initial recognition mechanisms in lichens is key to their development.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the early cellular interactions between the mycobiont and phycobiont in Lecidea albocaerulescens.
    • To identify the role of extracellular structures in symbiont recognition.

    Main Methods:

    • Microscopic observation of symbiont interactions.
    • Analysis of extracellular sheath formation and hyphal appressoria development.

    Main Results:

    • The phycobiont produces an extracellular sheath that binds to mycobiont hyphae.

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  • Mycobiont hyphae form appressoria over algal cells, facilitating nutrient exchange.
  • The extracellular sheath appears to mediate initial symbiont recognition.

    • Conclusions:

    • Extracellular sheath formation is a critical early step in Lecidea albocaerulescens symbiosis.
    • Appressoria formation by the mycobiont ensures the stability of the algal population within the lichen thallus.