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Related Concept Videos

Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
Minerals01:26

Minerals

Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction
09:13

Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction

Published on: April 1, 2017

Diamonds and the african lithosphere.

F R Boyd, J J Gurney

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |April 25, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    Southern Africa's Kaapvaal craton has a deep mantle root of depleted peridotites, formed over 3 billion years ago. This ancient cratonic root likely hosted Archean diamond formation.

    Area of Science:

    • Geophysics
    • Geochemistry
    • Mineralogy

    Background:

    • The Kaapvaal craton in southern Africa preserves a deep lithospheric root.
    • Understanding cratonic roots provides insights into Earth's early geological processes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To characterize the structure of the Kaapvaal craton's mantle root.
    • To determine the thermal and compositional evolution of the cratonic root.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of diamond inclusions, xenocrysts, and xenoliths from kimberlites.
    • Geological and geochemical data interpretation.

    Main Results:

    • The Kaapvaal craton's mantle root is primarily composed of basalt-depleted peridotites.
    • The asthenosphere boundary varies in depth beneath the craton and surrounding mobile belts.

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    An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions
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    Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory
    06:04

    Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

    Published on: November 15, 2013

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    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction
    09:13

    Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction

    Published on: April 1, 2017

    An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions
    07:48

    An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions

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    Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory
    06:04

    Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

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  • Root formation predates 3 billion years ago with temperatures of 900–1200°C.

    • Conclusions:

    • The Kaapvaal craton's root is an ancient, thermally stable lithospheric structure.
    • Diamonds found in southern Africa likely crystallized within this Archean cratonic root.