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Related Concept Videos

Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
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The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
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Space Trusses

A space truss is a three-dimensional counterpart of a planar truss. These structures consist of members connected at their ends, often utilizing ball-and-socket joints to create a stable and versatile framework. The space truss is widely used in various construction projects due to its adaptability and capacity to withstand complex loads.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Using a Thermal Camera to Measure Heat Loss Through Bird Feather Coats
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Published on: June 17, 2020

Mantle plumes and continental tectonics.

R I Hill, I H Campbell, G F Davies

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |April 10, 1992
    PubMed
    Summary

    Mantle plumes, though secondary to plate tectonics for heat transport, significantly influence continental geology through uplift, volcanism, and crustal alteration. Their heads cause initial geological events, while tails create hot-spot tracks.

    Area of Science:

    • Geophysics
    • Geology
    • Earth Science

    Background:

    • Mantle plumes and plate tectonics are distinct modes of Earth's convection.
    • While plate tectonics dominates heat transport, mantle plumes play a crucial role in continental geology.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the independent operation and geological significance of mantle plumes.
    • To detail the geological processes initiated by plume heads and tails.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of geological evidence related to plume formation and activity.
    • Observational data on uplift, volcanism, and crustal deformation associated with plumes.

    Main Results:

    • Mantle plumes initiate with large heads causing uplift, flood basalt volcanism, metamorphism, and crustal extension.

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  • Plume heads are succeeded by narrow tails generating hot-spot tracks.
  • Volcanism from plume tails cumulatively impacts continental crust.

    • Conclusions:

    • Mantle plumes are significant drivers of geological change on continents, independent of plate tectonics.
    • Understanding plume dynamics is key to interpreting continental geological history.