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Related Concept Videos

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
The Delta-to-Y Circuit01:16

The Delta-to-Y Circuit

In the delta-wye circuit, the source is delta-connected, while the load is in a wye configuration. This means that the phase voltage of the delta-connected source is equal to the line voltage of the wye-connected load. The connection between two-line currents originates from the delta-connected source. The phase difference in the balanced system allows for calculating one line current given the other, utilizing the positive sequence of phases. In the delta-wye system, the phase currents in the...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects01:25

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
The Y-to-Delta Circuit01:19

The Y-to-Delta Circuit

A balanced wye-to-delta circuit comprises balanced Y-connected voltage sources and delta-connected loads with no neutral line connection.
The initial step in analyzing a wye-to-delta circuit is to assume a positive phase sequence. These phase voltages are then utilized to calculate the line voltages that occur directly across the delta-connected load impedances. Van, Vbn, and Vcn are the phase voltages in wye, and Vab, Vbc, and Vca are the line voltages for a delta circuit. The relation between...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering of GdBa2Cu3O7&#8722;&#948;/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Quasi-bilayer Films on SrTiO3 (STO) Single-crystal Substrates
06:49

Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering of GdBa2Cu3O7−δ/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Quasi-bilayer Films on SrTiO3 (STO) Single-crystal Substrates

Published on: April 12, 2019

Dislocations and Flux Pinning in YBa2Cu3O7-delta.

S Jin, G W Kammlott, S Nakahara

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |July 26, 1991
    PubMed
    Summary

    High defect densities in bulk YBa2Cu3O7-delta superconductors do not explain low critical current densities compared to thin films. Further research is needed to understand flux pinning differences in these YBCO materials.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Condensed Matter Physics
    • Superconductivity

    Background:

    • Bulk YBa2Cu3O7-delta (YBCO) superconductors processed via melt texturing exhibit high dislocation densities (10^9–10^10 cm⁻²).
    • Dispersion of Y2BaCuO5 inclusions increases low-angle grain boundary density in YBCO, with spacing below 700 nm.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the relationship between defect density and critical current density in bulk YBCO superconductors.
    • To compare defect levels in bulk YBCO with those in high critical current thin films.
    • To understand the factors limiting flux pinning strength in bulk YBCO.

    Main Methods:

    • Melt texturing of bulk YBa2Cu3O7-delta.
    • Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) for defect analysis.

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  • Measurement of critical current densities at 77 K and 1 T.

    • Main Results:

    • Defect densities in bulk YBCO are comparable to those in high critical current thin films.
    • Bulk YBCO shows critical current densities of ~10^4 A/cm² at 77 K and 1 T, two orders of magnitude lower than thin films.
    • Observed spiral-like growth patterns in the superconductor phase of bulk Y-Ba-Cu-O.

    Conclusions:

    • High defect densities alone do not account for the reduced critical current density in bulk YBCO compared to thin films.
    • The flux pinning strength difference between bulk and thin film YBCO is not solely explained by the observed defect densities.
    • Further investigation is required to identify the primary mechanisms governing flux pinning in bulk YBCO materials.