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Related Concept Videos

Naturalistic Observations02:30

Naturalistic Observations

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
Observational Studies01:11

Observational Studies

Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
There are three types of observational studies – Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
Prospective Study
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One example of...
Data Collection by Observations01:08

Data Collection by Observations

Data collection refers to a systematic way of obtaining, observing, measuring, and analyzing accurate information. Observational studies are one of the most widely used methods of data collection. It involves collecting data by observing the behavior and physical characteristics of a sample without making any modifications to the sample.
An astronomer viewing the motion and brightness of stars in the sky and recording the data is an example of observational data collection. A botanist recording...
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
Extrasensory Perception01:23

Extrasensory Perception

Extrasensory perception, or ESP, suggests the ability to perceive events beyond the conventional senses of sight, hearing, and touch. Parapsychologists, who research ESP and related psychic phenomena, categorize ESP into three main types: precognition, telepathy, and clairvoyance.
Precognition involves foreseeing future events, such as predicting an accident before it happens. An example of precognition could be someone dreaming about a specific event, like a car crash, which then occurs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves
06:48

Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves

Published on: May 10, 2020

Extraterrestrial intelligence: an observational approach.

B Murray, S Gulkis, R E Edelson

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |February 3, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary

    New technology enables broad exploration of the microwave spectrum for extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) signals. Even negative results from a 5-year survey will significantly constrain the search space for interstellar communication.

    Area of Science:

    • Astrobiology and Radio Astronomy
    • Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)

    Background:

    • The microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum is a key target for detecting potential extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) signals.
    • Current exploration of this frequency range remains limited, despite its plausibility for interstellar communication.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline a strategy for an all-sky, broad-band survey of the microwave spectrum.
    • To leverage advancements in data processing and low-noise reception for enhanced signal detection.
    • To establish significant boundaries for ETI signal detection, even with null results.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing existing antenna technology for broad frequency and spatial coverage.
    • Implementing advanced data processing and low-noise reception techniques.

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    Published on: December 29, 2021

    Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO
    10:35

    Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

    Published on: February 12, 2013

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    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves
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    Published on: May 10, 2020

    Low-Cost Automated Flight Intercept Trap for the Temporal Sub-Sampling of Flying Insects Attracted to Artificial Light at Night
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    Low-Cost Automated Flight Intercept Trap for the Temporal Sub-Sampling of Flying Insects Attracted to Artificial Light at Night

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    Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO
    10:35

    Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

    Published on: February 12, 2013

  • Structuring a comprehensive, 5-year all-sky survey.

    • Main Results:

    • The proposed survey methodology is feasible with current technology.
    • Negative results would provide valuable constraints on the parameters for ETI signal detection.
    • Developed technologies and acquired data will benefit radio astronomy and deep-space communications.

    Conclusions:

    • A systematic, broad-band survey of the microwave spectrum is achievable and scientifically valuable.
    • This approach can significantly advance the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI).
    • The project offers dual benefits for radio astronomy and space communication technologies.