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Apollo 12 lunar module impact: laboratory simulation and possible downrange ballistic effects.

H F Swift, T R McGetchin, D D Preonas

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|August 28, 1970

Summary

Plastic pellet impacts on sand targets mimicked Apollo 12 lunar module (LM) impacts, creating shallow craters. Debris reimpacted downrange, but this ballistic rain did not explain the anomalous seismic signal.

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Area of Science:

Planetary Science
Impact Cratering Dynamics
Seismology

Background:

The Apollo 12 mission experienced an anomalous seismic signal upon lunar module (LM) impact.
Understanding impact dynamics is crucial for interpreting planetary surface features and seismic data.

Purpose of the Study:

To simulate lunar module impact conditions using plastic pellets on sand targets.
To investigate crater formation and ejecta patterns.
To assess the contribution of ballistic rain to anomalous seismic signals.

Main Methods:

Plastic pellets were launched at sand targets simulating Apollo 12 LM impact conditions (4° launch angle, 1.68 km/s velocity).
Craters formed were analyzed for morphology (shallow elliptical or doublet).
Ejecta patterns and downrange reimpacts were studied.

Main Results:

Shallow elliptical or doublet craters were formed, resembling lunar craters.
Analysis indicated that LM debris and crater ejecta skipped and reimpacted far downrange.
The observed ballistic rain did not fully account for the anomalous seismic signal.

Conclusions:

Impact experiments can replicate lunar cratering features.
Reimpacting debris (ballistic rain) is a consequence of such impacts.
The anomalous seismic signal from the Apollo 12 LM impact requires further explanation beyond ballistic rain.