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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers
12:20

Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers

Published on: October 5, 2013

Hematite: intrinsic and defect ferromagnetism.

D J Dunlop

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |August 28, 1970
    PubMed
    Summary

    Defect ferromagnetism in hematite is structurally sensitive and can be erased by partial demagnetization. This finding is crucial for accurate paleomagnetic studies using fine-grain hematites and red sediments.

    Area of Science:

    • Geophysics and geochemistry, focusing on rock magnetism and paleomagnetism.

    Background:

    • Hematite exhibits two types of ferromagnetism: intrinsic (spin-canted) and defect ferromagnetism.
    • Defect ferromagnetism is susceptible to structural changes induced by stress or heating, potentially leading to erroneous paleomagnetic data.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the magnetic properties of defect ferromagnetism in fine-grain hematites and red sediments.
    • To compare the magnetic behavior of defect remanence with intrinsic spin-canted remanence.
    • To determine the susceptibility of defect remanence to demagnetization techniques.

    Main Methods:

    • Annealing experiments were conducted on fine-grain hematites and red sediments.
    • Magnetic properties, specifically remanence, were analyzed before and after annealing.

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    Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Manganese Ferrite Clusters with Tunable Nanoscale Dimension and Composition
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    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers
    12:20

    Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers

    Published on: October 5, 2013

    Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope
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    Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

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    Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Manganese Ferrite Clusters with Tunable Nanoscale Dimension and Composition
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    Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Manganese Ferrite Clusters with Tunable Nanoscale Dimension and Composition

    Published on: February 5, 2022

  • Partial demagnetization techniques were applied to assess the stability of different magnetic components.

    • Main Results:

    • Annealing experiments revealed that the defect remanence in fine-grain hematites and red sediments is magnetically softer than spin-canted remanence.
    • Unlike single crystals, the defect remanence in these materials can be effectively erased by partial demagnetization.
    • This indicates a significant difference in magnetic behavior between fine-grained natural samples and single hematite crystals.

    Conclusions:

    • The magnetically softer nature of defect remanence in fine-grain hematites and red sediments has critical implications for paleomagnetic interpretations.
    • Partial demagnetization can distinguish and remove spurious magnetic signals originating from defect ferromagnetism.
    • Understanding these magnetic properties is essential for obtaining reliable paleomagnetic information from geological records.