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Related Concept Videos

Newman Projections02:06

Newman Projections

Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
The organic molecules rotate across the single bonds leading to numerous temporary three-dimensional structures of varying energy known as conformers.
Deformation in a Circular Shaft01:10

Deformation in a Circular Shaft

One of the distinctive characteristics of circular shafts is their ability to maintain their cross-sectional integrity under torsion. In other words, each cross-section continues to exist as a flat, unaltered entity, simply rotating like a solid, rigid slab. To understand the distribution of shearing stress within such a shaft, consider a cylindrical section inside this circular shaft. This section has a length of L and a radius of R, with one end fixed. The radius of the cylindrical section is...
Torsion of Noncircular Members01:16

Torsion of Noncircular Members

Circular shafts undergoing torsional stress maintain their cross-sectional integrity due to their axisymmetric nature. This symmetry ensures an even distribution of stress, allowing the shaft to withstand torsion without distorting. In contrast, square bars, lacking this axial symmetry, experience significant distortion across their cross-sections when subjected to torsion, with the exception of along their diagonals and at lines connecting midpoints. A detailed examination of a cubic element...
Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Bending01:18

Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Bending

When analyzing the deformation of a symmetric prismatic member subjected to bending by equal and opposite couples, it becomes clear that as the member bends, the originally straight lines on its wider faces curve into circular arcs, with a constant radius centered at a point known as Point C. This phenomenon helps to understand the stress and strain distribution within the member more clearly.
When the member is segmented into tiny cubic elements, it is observed that the primary stress...
Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis01:15

Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis

Unsymmetrical bending occurs when a structural member is subjected to bending moments in a plane that does not align with the member's principal axes. This scenario typically arises in beams and other structural components when loads are applied at non-ideal angles, introducing complexities in stress analysis.
When a bending moment is applied at an angle θ concerning the vertical axis of a symmetrical member, it can be resolved into components along the member's principal centroidal axes. The...
Oriented Surfaces01:30

Oriented Surfaces

A surface is called orientable if a consistent choice of unit normal vector can be made at every point on the surface. A thin soap film stretched across a wire loop provides a familiar example. The film separates the air on one side from the air on the other, so one side can be selected as positive and the opposite side as negative. Once this choice is made, a unit normal vector can be assigned smoothly across the entire surface.At each point on the soap film, a unit normal vector points...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Convergent Polishing: A Simple, Rapid, Full Aperture Polishing Process of High Quality Optical Flats & Spheres
13:07

Convergent Polishing: A Simple, Rapid, Full Aperture Polishing Process of High Quality Optical Flats & Spheres

Published on: December 1, 2014

Directionally aligned helical peptides on surfaces.

J K Whitesell, H K Chang

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |July 2, 1993
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers created oriented peptide layers using surface-initiated polymerization. These helical polyalanine and polyphenylalanine films maintained structural integrity, even after prolonged high-temperature exposure.

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    Convergent Polishing: A Simple, Rapid, Full Aperture Polishing Process of High Quality Optical Flats & Spheres
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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Polymer Chemistry
    • Biomaterials

    Background:

    • Developing ordered peptide structures is crucial for advanced biomaterials and nanotechnology.
    • Surface-initiated polymerization offers a route to control polymer architecture and orientation.
    • Achieving and maintaining secondary structures like helices in solid-state films presents a significant challenge.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To construct directionally oriented, helical peptide layers on conductive surfaces.
    • To investigate the role of surface functionalization in controlling peptide polymerization.
    • To assess the thermal stability of the resulting helical peptide films.

    Main Methods:

    • Surface functionalization of gold and indium-tin-oxide substrates to control polymerization initiation sites.
    • Polymerization of alanine and phenylalanine monomers to form peptide chains.
    • Characterization of film thickness (1000 angstroms) and helical structure.
    • Thermal stability testing of polyalanine films at 180 degrees C for 7 days.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully constructed 1000 angstrom thick, directionally oriented peptide layers.
    • Achieved completely helical polyalanine and polyphenylalanine films.
    • Demonstrated that the helicity of polyalanine layers was fully retained after heating at 180 degrees C for 7 days.

    Conclusions:

    • Surface-initiated polymerization with precisely spaced initiation sites enables the formation of oriented helical peptide films.
    • The constructed helical peptide layers exhibit excellent thermal stability.
    • These findings open avenues for applications in areas requiring stable, ordered peptide structures.