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Related Concept Videos

Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
Osmoregulation in Fishes02:32

Osmoregulation in Fishes

When cells are placed in a hypotonic (low-salt) fluid, they can swell and burst. Meanwhile, cells in a hypertonic solution—with a higher salt concentration—can shrivel and die. How do fish cells avoid these gruesome fates in hypotonic freshwater or hypertonic seawater environments?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Effective Techniques for the Feeding and Ex Situ Culture of a Brooding Scleractinian Coral, Pocillopora acuta
09:31

Effective Techniques for the Feeding and Ex Situ Culture of a Brooding Scleractinian Coral, Pocillopora acuta

Published on: June 23, 2023

Fish schools: an asset to corals.

J L Meyer, E T Schultz, G S Helfman

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |June 3, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    Juvenile fish resting on coral reefs release significant nutrients, aiding coral growth. This study reveals fish may be more beneficial to coral ecosystems than previously thought.

    Area of Science:

    • Marine biology
    • Coral reef ecology
    • Fish nutrient cycling

    Background:

    • Juvenile haemulid fish inhabit seagrass beds at night and rest on coral heads during the day.
    • During daylight hours, these fish excrete considerable amounts of ammonium, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
    • These excretions occur in nutrient-poor tropical waters surrounding coral reefs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To quantify the nutrient contribution of resting fish schools to the surrounding coral reef environment.
    • To investigate the impact of fish-derived nutrients on coral growth rates.

    Main Methods:

    • Observational study of juvenile haemulid fish schools and their resting behavior on coral heads.
    • Measurement of nutrient (ammonium, nitrogen, phosphorus) excretion by fish.

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  • Comparison of nutrient contributions from fish to other environmental sources.
  • Monitoring and comparison of growth rates between coral heads with and without resident fish schools.

    • Main Results:

    • Fish excretions represent a significant source of ammonium, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the reef environment, comparable to other nutrient sources.
    • Coral heads inhabited by fish schools exhibited enhanced growth rates compared to those without resident fish.

    Conclusions:

    • Resting fish schools play a vital role in nutrient cycling within coral reef ecosystems.
    • The nutrient input from fish positively influences coral growth, suggesting a beneficial symbiotic relationship.