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Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Unit Cells

Unit Cells

A crystal's internal structure is an orderly array of atoms, ions, or molecules, and the details of this array significantly influence the solid's properties. In a crystal, periodically repeating 'structural motifs' - which could be atoms, molecules, or groups thereof - create a 'space lattice.' This is essentially a three-dimensional, infinite array of points, each surrounded by its neighbors in an identical way, forming the basic structure of the crystal.A 'unit cell' is a theoretical...

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview

The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview

Crystals with various point group symmetries belong to different crystal classes, which are synonymous terms. Despite being in the same class, crystals may have distinct shapes, like cubes and octahedra. There are 32 three-dimensional point groups, all of which are systematically divided into seven crystal systems.The basic cubic crystal system, exemplified by NaCl, features orthogonal vectors (α = β = �� = 90°) of equal lengths (a = b = c). When specific requirements are not imposed on the...

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...

Structures of Solids

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

Carbon: a suggested new hexagonal crystal form.

A G Whittaker, G M Wolten

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|October 6, 1972

Summary

Scientists discovered a new carbon allotrope, distinct from chaoite. This trigonal carbon form appears under specific high-temperature, low-pressure conditions on graphitic surfaces.

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid State Chemistry
Crystallography

Background:

Carbon exhibits diverse allotropes, each with unique structural and physical properties.
Chaoite, a hexagonal polymorph of carbon, is known to form under specific geological and laboratory conditions.
Understanding new carbon allotropes is crucial for advancing materials science and nanotechnology.

Purpose of the Study:

To report the discovery and characterization of a novel polymorphic form of carbon.
To investigate the formation conditions and structural properties of this new carbon allotrope.

Main Methods:

Experimental synthesis of carbon materials under free-vaporization conditions.
Analysis of resulting carbon structures using crystallographic techniques.

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

$High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2$

High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2

Published on: January 16, 2017

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Determination of lattice parameters for the newly discovered carbon form.

Main Results:

Identification of a new trigonal polymorphic form of carbon.
The new allotrope exhibits distinct crystallographic properties (a = 5.33 Å, c = 12.24 Å) compared to chaoite.
This new carbon form is co-produced with chaoite on graphitic carbon surfaces at temperatures >2550 K and low pressures.

Conclusions:

A novel trigonal carbon allotrope has been synthesized and characterized.
The findings expand the known phase diagram of carbon under extreme conditions.
This discovery offers new avenues for exploring carbon's unique properties and potential applications.