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The seasons, global temperature, and precession.

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    The dominant seasonal temperature cycle aligns with the anomalistic year, not the tropical year, indicating perihelion controls timing. Recent phase shifts suggest atmospheric CO(2) concentration is a key driver of modern climate change.

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    Area of Science:

    • Climatology
    • Paleoclimatology
    • Statistical Analysis

    Background:

    • Instrumental temperature records since 1659 analyzed.
    • Established assumption: seasons timed by equinoxes (tropical year).
    • Previous climate analyses may be biased by this assumption.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Investigate the true dominant frequency of the seasonal temperature cycle.
    • Determine the primary driver of annual temperature cycle timing.
    • Assess the influence of solar variability and CO(2) on temperature changes.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of instrumental temperature records from 1659 onwards.
    • Frequency analysis to identify dominant seasonal cycles.
    • Coherence analysis between temperature amplitude, phase, and solar/CO(2) data.

    Main Results:

    • Dominant seasonal frequency is one cycle per anomalistic year (perihelion-based), not tropical year (equinox-based).
    • Perihelion controls annual temperature cycle timing.
    • Coherence shifts indicate solar variability is insufficient to explain recent warming; CO(2) is implicated.

    Conclusions:

    • The timing of Earth's seasons and temperature cycles are primarily governed by perihelion.
    • The assumption of equinox-based timing has biased historical climate data analysis.
    • Increasing atmospheric CO(2) concentration is a significant factor in recent, unprecedented climate phase changes.