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Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic

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X-ray Structure of the Cygnus Loop.

P Gorenstein, B Harris, H Gursky

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|April 23, 1971

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

X-ray observations reveal the Cygnus Loop nebula emits thermal radiation from a hot plasma. This emission, consistent with oxygen lines, spans 3 degrees, matching optical filament boundaries.

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Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

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Published on: November 5, 2018

Area of Science:

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Plasma Physics
X-ray Astronomy

Background:

The Cygnus Loop is a supernova remnant known for its complex structure and emission across various wavelengths.
Previous studies have mapped its optical and radio emission, but detailed X-ray structural analysis was limited.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the X-ray emission characteristics of the Cygnus Loop nebula.
To determine the spatial structure and spectral properties of the X-ray emission.
To compare X-ray observations with existing optical and radio data.

Main Methods:

Utilized an X-ray collector to focus emission in one dimension while scanning the Cygnus Loop.
Observed X-ray emission in the 0.2 to 1 kiloelectronvolt energy range.
Analyzed the X-ray spectrum to determine plasma temperature and identify spectral lines.

Main Results:

Detected X-ray emission with a total integrated intensity of 1.3x 10(-8) erg per square centimeter per second.
Observed a one-dimensional X-ray structure with an angular size of approximately 3 degrees, correlating with optical filament boundaries.
Found no enhanced X-ray emission at the nebula's center or at prominent radio features.

Conclusions:

The X-ray spectrum is consistent with thermal radiation from a hot plasma (approx. 4 x 10^6 K).
Evidence of a spectral line at 19 angstroms, attributed to the O VIII transition, supports the plasma model.
The spatial distribution of X-ray emission aligns with the outer structure of the Cygnus Loop's optical filaments.