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Author Spotlight: Characterizing Environmental Biofilm Mechanics Using Optical Coherence Elastography and its Applications in Wastewater Treatment
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Acid rain: a serious regional environmental problem.

G E Likens, F H Bormann

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |June 14, 1974
    PubMed
    Summary

    Acid rain and snow are prevalent in the northeastern United States, with average acidity around pH 4. This acidity increase, possibly linked to energy production, necessitates considering ecological impacts for future energy and air quality policies.

    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Science
    • Atmospheric Chemistry
    • Ecology

    Background:

    • Widespread acid rain and snow impact the northeastern United States.
    • Precipitation acidity averages pH 4, with recorded storm values ranging from pH 2.1 to 5.
    • Acidity levels in the region appear to have risen approximately 20 years ago.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the extent and potential causes of increased precipitation acidity in the northeastern US.
    • To highlight the known and unknown ecological and economic consequences of acid deposition.
    • To inform future energy source proposals and air quality emission standards.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of precipitation acidity data from the northeastern United States.
    • Correlation of acidity trends with energy production methods and pollution control technologies.

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  • Review of existing data on ecological and economic effects of acid deposition.

    • Main Results:

    • Acidic precipitation (average pH 4) is a significant issue across the northeastern US.
    • A notable increase in precipitation acidity occurred around two decades prior to the study.
    • Potential contributing factors include increased natural gas use and installation of particle-removal devices in smokestacks.

    Conclusions:

    • The introduction of strong acids into natural systems has significant, though not fully understood, ecological and economic ramifications.
    • Current air quality standards and future energy development must account for the impacts of acid deposition.
    • Further research is needed to fully assess and mitigate the effects of acid rain and snow.