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Localized compressional velocity decrease precursory to the kalapana, hawaii, earthquake.

A C Johnston

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |February 24, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Seismic P-wave arrival times were delayed before a major Hawaiian earthquake, indicating a velocity decrease near the epicenter. These travel time anomalies returned to normal before the seismic event occurred.

    Area of Science:

    • Seismology
    • Earthquake Science
    • Geophysics

    Background:

    • Seismic wave velocity changes can precede earthquakes.
    • Understanding precursory seismic phenomena is crucial for earthquake prediction research.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate seismic wave travel time anomalies preceding the 1975 Kalapana, Hawaii earthquake.
    • To determine the spatial extent and temporal characteristics of observed P-wave delays.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of P-wave arrival times from distant earthquakes recorded at a seismograph station near the Kalapana epicenter.
    • Comparison of arrival times at the closest station with those at other nearby stations.

    Main Results:

    • A consistent delay of 0.15-0.2 seconds in P-wave arrival times was observed starting 3.5 years before the earthquake.

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  • These delays were localized to the closest station and confined to distances <20 km from the epicenter.
  • P-wave travel times normalized several months prior to the earthquake.

    • Conclusions:

    • The observed P-wave delays suggest a localized decrease in seismic velocity associated with the impending normal-faulting earthquake.
    • These findings support the hypothesis that seismic velocity changes can occur prior to large earthquakes.