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Related Concept Videos

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the polymer...
Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
Characteristics and Nomenclature of Homopolymers01:00

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Homopolymers

Polymers that are made up of identical monomer units are called homopolymers. Only one repeating unit is involved in the construction of the homopolymer structure. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, polypropylene is a homopolymer constituted of propylene monomers. Here, the only repeating unit in the polymer chain is propylene.
Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
Phosphodiester Linkages01:01

Phosphodiester Linkages

Overview
Phosphodiester bond forms when a phosphoric acid molecule (H3PO4) links with two hydroxyl groups (–OH) of two other molecules, forming two ester bonds. Two water molecules are released in this process. The phosphodiester bond is commonly found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and plays a critical role in their structure and function.
Phosphodiester Bonds Link Nucleotides Together
DNA and RNA are polynucleotides or long chains of nucleotides that are linked together. A nucleotide is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer
10:22

Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer

Published on: November 30, 2020

Structure of "polywater".

J Donohue

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |November 21, 1969
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new structure for polywater is proposed, featuring hydrogen-bonded water molecule clusters in rhombic dodecahedra formations. This model presents fewer drawbacks compared to previous polywater structures.

    Area of Science:

    • Chemistry
    • Materials Science
    • Physics

    Background:

    • Polywater, a controversial form of water, has been the subject of scientific debate due to its unusual properties.
    • Previous structural models for polywater have faced significant challenges and criticisms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a novel structural model for polywater.
    • To present a structure with improved characteristics over existing models.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical modeling of water molecule clusters.
    • Geometric analysis of hydrogen-bonded networks.
    • Evaluation of structural features based on chemical principles.

    Main Results:

    • A proposed structure for polywater involves hydrogen-bonded clusters of water molecules.

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    Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer
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    Modulating Shape of Polyester Based Polymersomes using Osmotic Pressure
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    Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
    09:22

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  • These clusters are arranged at the vertices of rhombic dodecahedra.
  • The proposed structure exhibits fewer unfavorable characteristics than prior models.

    • Conclusions:

    • The rhombic dodecahedra-based cluster model offers a potentially more viable structure for polywater.
    • This model addresses some of the limitations of earlier polywater hypotheses.