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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and pressure, that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

LIQUID CRYSTALS: New Banana Phases.

T C Lubensky

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |August 31, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers explore novel liquid crystal phases using V-shaped molecules. New designs enable ferroelectric phases and unique liquid crystalline phases when mixed with rodlike molecules, offering controlled properties.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Condensed Matter Physics
    • Organic Chemistry

    Background:

    • Liquid crystals (LCs) are materials exhibiting properties between those of conventional liquids and solid crystals.
    • Bent-core molecules are a class of LC materials known for unique phase behaviors.
    • Controlling LC phases is crucial for developing advanced optical and electronic devices.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To discuss recent advances in liquid crystal research utilizing bent-core molecules.
    • To highlight new molecular designs for creating novel liquid crystalline phases.
    • To explore methods for achieving controlled structure and properties in liquid crystals.

    Main Methods:

    • Synthesis of achiral bent-core molecules for ferroelectric liquid crystal phases.

    More Related Videos

    High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
    06:24

    High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

    Published on: October 31, 2019

    Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
    06:26

    Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

    Published on: May 15, 2017

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
    06:44

    From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

    Published on: March 24, 2018

    High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
    06:24

    High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

    Published on: October 31, 2019

    Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
    06:26

    Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

    Published on: May 15, 2017

  • Mixing bent-core molecules with specific rodlike molecules to induce new LC phases.
  • Characterization of the resulting liquid crystalline phases and their properties.

    • Main Results:

    • A synthetic strategy successfully produced a ferroelectric phase from achiral bent-core molecules.
    • New liquid crystalline phases were observed upon mixing bent-core molecules with rodlike molecules.
    • The study demonstrates the creation of liquid crystalline phases with tailored structures and properties.

    Conclusions:

    • Bent-core molecules offer a versatile platform for designing advanced liquid crystal materials.
    • Novel molecular designs lead to the discovery of new liquid crystalline phases with unique characteristics.
    • These findings pave the way for developing next-generation materials with tunable optical and electronic functionalities.