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Related Concept Videos

Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
Types of Building Stone01:30

Types of Building Stone

Building stones, essential materials for construction, are extracted from natural rock deposits and processed into specific forms and dimensions suitable for various building applications. These stones are broadly classified into three types based on their geological formation: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of magma or lava. An example is granite, known for its durability and resistance to weathering, making it ideal for parts of...
Quarrying of Stone01:15

Quarrying of Stone

Quarrying is the process of extracting stone from a quarry, where specialized techniques are employed to remove large blocks of stone safely and efficiently. This process can involve controlled explosions or more precision-oriented methods such as cutting and drilling.
One common method involves using a diamond belt saw to cut large blocks from the quarry face. These blocks can be about 50 feet long and 12 feet high. After the initial vertical cut, drilling is performed at the base of the block.
Shape and Texture of Coarse Aggregate01:25

Shape and Texture of Coarse Aggregate

Aggregate shape is classified based on the relative sharpness or roundness of the edges and corners. This classification includes categories like rounded, angular, elongated, and flaky, each with specific characteristics. Rounded aggregates, fully shaped by attrition, are typical of river or seashore gravel, while angular aggregates, such as crushed rock, have well-defined edges. Aggregates that are elongated and flaky are less desirable, as they can reduce the workability and strength of...
Unsoundness of Aggregate due to Volume Change01:26

Unsoundness of Aggregate due to Volume Change

Unsoundness in aggregates due to volume changes is primarily caused by the physical alterations aggregates undergo, such as freezing and thawing, thermal changes, and wetting and drying. Unsound aggregates, when subjected to these changes, result in volume change upon disintegration. This, in turn, contributes to the deterioration of concrete, including scaling, pop-outs, and cracking. Particular types of aggregates, such as porous flints, cherts, and those containing clay minerals, are...
Frost Action on Concrete01:27

Frost Action on Concrete

Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
This freeze-thaw cycle primarily causes surface scaling, where...

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Real-time landslide warning during heavy rainfall.

Science (New York, N.Y.)ยท1987
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction
09:13

Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction

Published on: April 1, 2017

Rock avalanches caused by earthquakes: source characteristics.

D K Keefer

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |March 23, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary

    Catastrophic rock avalanches are more likely on steep, high slopes with fractured rock. Undercutting by erosion and signs of low strength also indicate higher avalanche susceptibility.

    Area of Science:

    • Geology
    • Geotechnical Engineering
    • Natural Hazards

    Background:

    • Rock avalanches pose significant geological hazards.
    • Understanding slope instability is crucial for hazard assessment.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify key geological and topographical factors contributing to catastrophic rock avalanches.
    • To establish criteria for predicting high-risk slopes.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of a global dataset of historical earthquakes and associated rock avalanches.
    • Correlation of landslide occurrence with slope height, angle, erosion patterns, and rock mass characteristics.

    Main Results:

    • Slopes exceeding 150 meters in height and 25 degrees in steepness are highly susceptible.

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  • Fluvial or glacial undercutting, intensely fractured rock, and other indicators of low strength are common in unstable slopes.
  • A combination of these factors significantly increases the risk of catastrophic rock avalanches.

    • Conclusions:

    • Specific topographical and geological features are strong predictors of catastrophic rock avalanche events.
    • This research provides valuable insights for seismic hazard analysis and slope stability assessments.