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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

A Proboscis Extension Response Protocol for Investigating Behavioral Plasticity in Insects: Application to Basic, Biomedical, and Agricultural Research

A Proboscis Extension Response Protocol for Investigating Behavioral Plasticity in Insects: Application to Basic, Biomedical, and Agricultural Research

Published on: September 8, 2014

Bees have rules.

M L Brines, J L Gould

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|November 2, 1979

Summary

Honey bees use sky cues for navigation. New discoveries in their dance language clarify messages, reducing ambiguity when orienting to the sun or polarized light.

Area of Science:

Animal behavior
Sensory biology
Insect communication

Background:

Honey bees navigate using celestial cues, including the sun and polarized skylight.
The honey bee dance language communicates information about food sources and colony needs.
Potential ambiguity exists in dance communication, especially when relying on external orientation cues.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate novel elements within the honey bee dance language.
To understand how honey bees resolve ambiguity in dance messages related to sky orientation.
To identify new conventions in bee communication.

Main Methods:

Observational studies of honey bee foraging behavior.
Analysis of honey bee waggle dances under varying sky conditions.

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Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)

Published on: January 24, 2011

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

A Proboscis Extension Response Protocol for Investigating Behavioral Plasticity in Insects: Application to Basic, Biomedical, and Agricultural Research

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Published on: September 8, 2014

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Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)

Published on: January 24, 2011

Behavioral experiments to test responses to modified dance signals.

Main Results:

Three previously undocumented conventions in the honey bee dance language were identified.
These conventions are specifically employed when bees orient using the sky.
The newly discovered conventions effectively reduce potential misunderstandings in dance communication.

Conclusions:

The honey bee dance language possesses a greater complexity than previously understood.
Specific dance modifications enhance clarity when navigating by celestial cues.
These findings offer new insights into the sophistication of insect communication systems.