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Related Concept Videos

Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
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Adrenaline triggers the...
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
The Sympathetic Nervous System01:25

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Overview
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...
Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which provide...
Neurotransmitters01:31

Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters are essential chemical messengers within the nervous system, facilitating the communication between neurons. These chemical messengers, varying in function and effect, are critical for sustaining various aspects of neurological health and emotional well-being.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Assessing Cellular Stress and Inflammation in Discrete Oxytocin-secreting Brain Nuclei in the Neonatal Rat Before and After First Colostrum Feeding
09:12

Assessing Cellular Stress and Inflammation in Discrete Oxytocin-secreting Brain Nuclei in the Neonatal Rat Before and After First Colostrum Feeding

Published on: November 14, 2018

Physiological polyamines: simple primordial stress molecules.

H J Rhee1, Eui-Jin Kim, J K Lee

  • 1Department of Life Science and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea. hjrhee@sogang.ac.kr

Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
|September 1, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Physiological polyamines are crucial stress molecules. These polycations protect cells against diverse stresses like ROS and UV, aiding survival and regulating gene expression in many organisms.

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Assessing Cellular Stress and Inflammation in Discrete Oxytocin-secreting Brain Nuclei in the Neonatal Rat Before and After First Colostrum Feeding
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A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites
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Published on: March 1, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Physiological polyamines are polycations with diverse biochemical roles, including gene expression regulation and cell signaling.
  • Polyamines exhibit cytoprotective activities and are induced by various stresses.
  • This suggests a potential role for polyamines in stress response induction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of physiological polyamines in stress response.
  • To explore the mechanisms by which polyamines confer stress tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing biochemical and genetic evidence.
  • Analysis of polyamine induction by various stressors (ROS, heat, UV, psychiatric stress).

Main Results:

  • Polyamines are induced by diverse stresses across a wide range of organisms.
  • Polyamines function as ROS scavengers, acid tolerance factors, and chemical chaperones.
  • Polyamines positively regulate stress response genes, explaining their protective effects.

Conclusions:

  • Physiological polyamines act as primordial stress molecules in bacteria, plants, and mammals.
  • Polyamines play an essential role in regulating pathogen-host interactions.
  • Polyamines are key regulators of cellular adaptation and survival under stress.