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Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
Published on: July 8, 2025
Levetiracetam-responding paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia
Murat Alemdar1, Pervin Iseri, Macit Selekler
1Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kocaeli, Kocaeli, Turkey. drmuratalemdar@yahoo.com
Abstract:
We report on a patient with 7-year history of short-lasting paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia. The episodes occurred 100 to 125 times per day, lasted from 5 seconds to 3 minutes, and were not suppressed with sleeping, underlining the heterogeneity of phenomenology in paroxysmal dyskinesias. Neuroimaging studies showed calcifications in the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and subcortical and cerebellar regions. He was diagnosed with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. After failure of valproate, he responded well to levetiracetam (1000 mg/d). This report revealed that intracerebral calcifications secondary to hypoparathyroidism could present as paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia, and levetiracetam could be effective in this particular entity.
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